{"id":8512,"date":"2024-01-23T10:01:40","date_gmt":"2024-01-23T10:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/chronic-musculoskeletal-adaptations-to-exercise-it\/"},"modified":"2024-01-25T20:27:28","modified_gmt":"2024-01-25T20:27:28","slug":"chronic-musculoskeletal-adaptations-to-exercise-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/chronic-musculoskeletal-adaptations-to-exercise-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Adattamenti muscoloscheletrici cronici all&#8217;esercizio fisico"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Redazione originale <\/b>&#8211; <a title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\">Wanda van Niekerk<\/a> sulla base del corso di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/instructor\/dr-james-laskin\/\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">James Laskin<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Collaboratori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\"><bdi>Wanda van Niekerk<\/bdi><\/a> and <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Effects_of_Deconditioning\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Effetti del decondizionamento<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Common_Training_Principles\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Principi di allenamento comuni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti muscoloscheletrici all&#8217;esercizio<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Resistance_Training\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Allenamento contro resistenza<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Gains_in_Muscular_Fitness\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Miglioramento del fitness muscolare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Mechanisms_of_Muscle_Strength_Gains\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Meccanismi di aumento della forza muscolare<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Neural_Control\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Controllo neurale<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Neural_adaptations\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti neurali<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Strength_Training_Model\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Modello di allenamento della forza<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Motor_Unit_Recruitment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Reclutamento delle unit\u00e0 motorie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Autogenic_Inhibition\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Inibizione autogena<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Muscle_Hypertrophy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ipertrofia muscolare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Fibre_Hypertrophy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ipertrofia delle fibre<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Fibre_Hyperplasia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Iperplasia delle fibre<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Neural_Activation_and_Hypertrophy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Attivazione neurale e ipertrofia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Immobilisation_and_Muscle_Strength\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Immobilizzazione e forza muscolare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Effects_of_Deconditioning\" class=\"mw-headline\">Effetti del decondizionamento<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Effetti del decondizionamento\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Effetti del decondizionamento\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Il decondizionamento o detraining si riferisce ai cambiamenti che si verificano nell&#8217;organismo dopo un periodo di inattivit\u00e0. Questi cambiamenti si verificano nel cuore, nei polmoni e nei muscoli. Gli effetti del detraining sui sistemi corporei<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> sono riassunti nella Tabella 1.<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>Tabella 1. Effetti del detraining sui sistemi del corpo<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Neuromuscolare<\/th>\n<th>Cardiorespiratorio<\/th>\n<th>Muscoloscheletrico<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2193attivit\u00e0 EMG \u2193area di sezione trasversale media delle fibre muscolari \u2193flessibilit\u00e0<\/p>\n<p>\u2193forza e potenza muscolare<\/p>\n<p>\u2193massa muscolare<\/td>\n<td>\u2193assorbimento massimo di ossigeno \u2191pressione arteriosa media \u2191frequenza cardiaca submassimale<\/p>\n<p>\u2193gittata cardiaca massima<\/p>\n<p>\u2193soglia del lattato<\/p>\n<p>\u2193performance di resistenza<\/p>\n<p>\u2193volume sanguigno<\/p>\n<p>\u2193volume plasmatico<\/p>\n<p>\u2193volume cardiaco<\/p>\n<p>\u2193tolleranza ortostatica<\/td>\n<td>\u2193fino al 2,5% di densit\u00e0 minerale ossea \u2193attivit\u00e0 degli enzimi ossidativi \u2193attivit\u00e0 della glicogeno sintasi<\/p>\n<p>\u2193produzione mitocondriale di ATP<\/p>\n<p>\u2193qualit\u00e0 del tendine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a title=\"Ritorno al gioco durante una pandemia\" href=\"\/Return_to_Play_During_a_Pandemic#Effects_of_Detraining_on_Physiological_Systems\">The effect of detraining on body systems<\/a> e le evidenze degli effetti del detraining.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-dT5CC3LaV0?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Common_Training_Principles\" class=\"mw-headline\">Principi di allenamento comuni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Principi formativi comuni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Principi formativi comuni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Principio della reversibilit\u00e0:\n<ul>\n<li>i benefici dell&#8217;allenamento sono transitori e reversibili<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>dopo 2 settimane di detraining si verifica una riduzione misurabile della capacit\u00e0 di lavoro<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Principio del sovraccarico:\n<ul>\n<li>un sistema deve essere esercitato a un livello superiore a quello a cui \u00e8 attualmente abituato perch\u00e9 si verifichi l&#8217;effetto dell&#8217;allenamento<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Principio della specificit\u00e0:\n<ul>\n<li>ogni esercizio allener\u00e0 un sistema per il particolare compito che viene svolto come stimolo di allenamento<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup>quindi solo il sistema o la parte del corpo ripetutamente sollecitata si adatter\u00e0 al sovraccarico cronico<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Principio dell&#8217;individualit\u00e0:\n<ul>\n<li>c&#8217;\u00e8 una variazione nella risposta a un programma di allenamento, in quanto gli individui rispondono in modo diverso allo stesso programma di allenamento<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a title=\"Principles of Exercise\" href=\"\/Principles_of_Exercise#Common_training_principles\">Common Training Principles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti muscoloscheletrici all&#8217;esercizio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti muscoloscheletrici all'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti muscoloscheletrici all'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Resistance_Training\" class=\"mw-headline\">Allenamento contro resistenza<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Allenamento della resistenza\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Allenamento della resistenza\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>L&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza produce sostanziali miglioramenti nella forza attraverso cambiamenti neuromuscolari<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Importante per il fitness e la salute generale<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Fondamentale per i programmi di preparazione atletica<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Gains_in_Muscular_Fitness\" class=\"mw-headline\">Miglioramento del fitness muscolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Guadagni in forma muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Guadagni in forma muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Dopo 3-6 mesi di allenamento contro resistenza, si osserva:\n<ul>\n<li>maggiore capacit\u00e0 di produrre forza in maniera pi\u00f9 efficace<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>maggiore capacit\u00e0 di produrre un vero movimento massimale<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;aumento della forza \u00e8 il risultato di<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>:\n<ul>\n<li>aumento delle dimensioni dei muscoli<\/li>\n<li>alterazione del controllo neurale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Mechanisms_of_Muscle_Strength_Gains\" class=\"mw-headline\">Meccanismi di aumento della forza muscolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Meccanismi di aumento della forza muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Meccanismi di aumento della forza muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span id=\"Neural_Control\" class=\"mw-headline\">Controllo neurale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica della sezione: Controllo neurale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modifica della sezione: Controllo neurale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>L&#8217;aumento della forza <i>non pu\u00f2<\/i> avvenire senza adattamenti neurali attraverso la plasticit\u00e0<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;aumento della forza <i>pu\u00f2 avvenire<\/i> anche senza ipertrofia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7892509\/pdf\/421_2020_Article_4567.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h6><strong><em><span id=\"Neural_adaptations\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti neurali<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica della sezione: Adattamenti neurali\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modifica della sezione: Adattamenti neurali\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>L&#8217;aumento dell&#8217;impulso centrale (dai centri superiori del <a title=\"Brain Anatomy\" href=\"\/Brain_Anatomy\">cervello<\/a>) dopo l&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza \u00e8 in parte responsabile dell&#8217;aumento della forza<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento della sincronizzazione delle unit\u00e0 motorie (MU) (cio\u00e8 diverse unit\u00e0 motorie che si attivano in tempi simili)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Diminuzione della soglia di forza alla quale vengono reclutate le unit\u00e0 motorie<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento della frequenza di attivazione delle unit\u00e0 motorie<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Diminuzione del livello di co-attivazione dei muscoli antagonisti dopo l&#8217;allenamento<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Strength_Training_Model\" class=\"mw-headline\">Modello di allenamento della forza<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Modello di allenamento della forza\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Modello di allenamento della forza\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Per una discussione dettagliata di questi concetti si rimanda al video del corso, Risposte muscoloscheletriche croniche all&#8217;esercizio fisico. In sintesi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ipertrofia\n<ul>\n<li>l&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza a bassa intensit\u00e0 (40% del massimale) pu\u00f2 portare a cambiamenti ipertrofici e neuromuscolari per un lungo periodo (questo \u00e8 pi\u00f9 pronunciato in individui non allenati)<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;allenamento ad alta intensit\u00e0 e con poche ripetizioni pu\u00f2 portare all&#8217;ipertrofia in un breve periodo di tempo<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>I cambiamenti neurologici legati all&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza si verificano soprattutto nelle prime fasi del programma di allenamento<\/li>\n<li>Forza\n<ul>\n<li>forti e rapidi aumenti di forza si verificano in modo relativamente rapido e costante<\/li>\n<li>nel tempo, l&#8217;aumento della forza raggiunge un plateau<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Il video qui sotto fornisce una buona spiegazione degli adattamenti neurali all&#8217;esercizio contro resistenza, forza e ipertrofia.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pct0XWrWUfk?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Motor_Unit_Recruitment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Reclutamento delle unit\u00e0 motorie<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica sezione: Reclutamento dell'unit\u00e0 motoria\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modifica sezione: Reclutamento dell'unit\u00e0 motoria\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<blockquote><p>Unit\u00e0 motoria = neurone efferente e tutte le fibre muscolari che innerva.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Normalmente le unit\u00e0 motorie vengono reclutate in modo asincrono<\/li>\n<li>Il reclutamento sincrono porta a un aumento della forza:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>facilita la contrazione<\/li>\n<li>potrebbe produrre una contrazione pi\u00f9 vigorosa<\/li>\n<li>migliora il tasso di sviluppo della forza<\/li>\n<li>maggiore capacit\u00e0 di esercitare forze costanti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza porta al reclutamento sincrono<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;aumento della forza potrebbe anche derivare da un maggiore reclutamento di unit\u00e0 motorie<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>aumento dell&#8217;impulso neurale durante la contrazione massimale<\/li>\n<li>aumento della frequenza di scarica neurale (codifica del ritmo)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>codifica del tasso = i tassi a cui le unit\u00e0 motorie scaricano i potenziali d&#8217;azione<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>diminuzione degli impulsi inibitori<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00c8 probabile che qualche combinazione di miglioramento della sincronizzazione delle unit\u00e0 motorie e del loro reclutamento determini un aumento della forza<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/index.php?title=Muscle&amp;veaction=edit#Motor_Units\" rel=\"nofollow\">Motor Units<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Autogenic_Inhibition\" class=\"mw-headline\">Inibizione autogena<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Inibizione autogena\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Inibizione autogena\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Meccanismi inibitori intrinseci normali:\n<ul>\n<li>gli organi tendinei del Golgi inibiscono la contrazione muscolare se la tensione del tendine \u00e8 troppo alta<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>in questo modo si evitano danni alle ossa e ai tendini<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza pu\u00f2 gradualmente diminuire o contrastare gli impulsi inibitori:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>il muscolo pu\u00f2 generare pi\u00f9 forza<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>questa teoria potrebbe spiegare le imprese di forza sovrumane<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_23-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><em><span id=\"Muscle_Hypertrophy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ipertrofia muscolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Ipertrofia muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Ipertrofia muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Ipertrofia = aumento della massa e dell&#8217;area di sezione trasversale del muscolo<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Ipertrofia transitoria (dopo un singolo esercizio): il &#8220;pompaggio&#8221; del muscolo che avviene durante una sessione di allenamento contro resistenza\n<ul>\n<li>questo \u00e8 dovuto alla formazione di edema da parte del liquido plasmatico<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>scompare in poche ore<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Ipertrofia cronica (a lungo termine)<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>riflette l&#8217;effettivo cambiamento strutturale del muscolo<\/li>\n<li>ipertrofia delle fibre, iperplasia delle fibre o entrambe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><em><span id=\"Fibre_Hypertrophy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ipertrofia delle fibre<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Ipertrofia delle fibre\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Ipertrofia delle fibre\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Pi\u00f9 miofibrille<\/li>\n<li>Pi\u00f9 filamenti di actina e miosina<\/li>\n<li>Pi\u00f9 sarcoplasma<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Pi\u00f9 tessuto connettivo<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza determina un aumento della sintesi proteica:<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>il contenuto di proteine muscolari cambia continuamente<\/li>\n<li>durante l&#8217;esercizio, si verifica una diminuzione della sintesi proteica e un aumento della degradazione<\/li>\n<li>dopo l&#8217;esercizio, c&#8217;\u00e8 un aumento della sintesi proteica e una diminuzione della degradazione delle proteine<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a title=\"Neuromuscular Adaptations to Exercise\" href=\"\/Neuromuscular_Adaptations_to_Exercise#Adaptations_to_High-Resistance_Strength_Training\">muscle protein synthesis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Il testosterone facilita l&#8217;ipertrofia delle fibre:<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>ormone steroideo anabolizzante naturale<\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;uso di steroidi anabolizzanti sintetici determina un forte aumento della massa muscolare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><em><span id=\"Fibre_Hyperplasia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Iperplasia delle fibre<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Iperplasia delle fibre\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Iperplasia delle fibre\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>Per iperplasia si intende un aumento del numero di cellule o fibre.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup> Negli esseri umani<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la maggior parte dell&#8217;ipertrofia \u00e8 dovuta all&#8217;ipertrofia delle fibre<\/li>\n<li>anche l&#8217;iperplasia delle fibre potrebbe contribuire<\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;ipertrofia delle fibre rispetto all&#8217;iperplasia delle fibre potrebbe dipendere dall&#8217;intensit\u00e0 e dal carico dell&#8217;allenamento contro resistenza<\/li>\n<li>un&#8217;intensit\u00e0 maggiore determina un&#8217;ipertrofia delle fibre muscolari di tipo II<\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;iperplasia delle fibre potrebbe verificarsi solo in alcuni individui, in determinate condizioni<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Il fatto che l&#8217;iperplasia si verifichi nel muscolo scheletrico adulto \u00e8 discutibile. Ci sono dubbi sui metodi e sulle misurazioni utilizzate negli studi sull&#8217;iperplasia. &#8220;Una conclusione definitiva sul fatto che forme di carico meccanico fisiologicamente rilevanti possano indurre l&#8217;iperplasia rimane elusiva&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup> L&#8217;iperplasia \u00e8 stata ampiamente respinta come fattore contribuente significativo dell&#8217;ipertrofia del muscolo scheletrico nei mammiferi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">(33)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Neural_Activation_and_Hypertrophy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Attivazione neurale e ipertrofia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Attivazione neurale e ipertrofia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Attivazione neurale e ipertrofia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>Tabella 2. Sintesi dell&#8217;attivazione neurale e dell&#8217;ipertrofia<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Aumento a breve termine della forza muscolare<\/th>\n<th>Aumento a lungo termine della forza muscolare<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aumento sostanziale del 1RM<\/td>\n<td>Associata a una significativa ipertrofia delle fibre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dovuta a un aumento dell&#8217;attivazione neurale volontaria<\/td>\n<td>L&#8217;aumento netto della sintesi proteica richiede tempo per verificarsi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I fattori neurali sono fondamentali nelle prime 8-10 settimane<\/td>\n<td>L&#8217;ipertrofia \u00e8 il fattore principale dopo 8-10 settimane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span id=\"Immobilisation_and_Muscle_Strength\" class=\"mw-headline\">Immobilizzazione e forza muscolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Immobilizzazione e forza muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Immobilizzazione e forza muscolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Cambiamenti significativi si verificano gi\u00e0 dopo 6 ore di immobilizzazione:<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">(34)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>la mancanza di utilizzo del muscolo porta a una riduzione del tasso di sintesi proteica<\/li>\n<li>avvia il processo di atrofia muscolare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Durante la prima settimana: perdita di forza del 3-4% al giorno\n<ul>\n<li>diminuzione delle dimensioni muscolari\/atrofia<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">(35)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>diminuzione dell&#8217;attivit\u00e0 neuromuscolare<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">(35)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Effetti (reversibili) sulle fibre di tipo I e II\n<ul>\n<li>l&#8217;area della sezione trasversale diminuisce, il contenuto delle cellule degenera<\/li>\n<li>le fibre di tipo I sono pi\u00f9 colpite di quelle di tipo II<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspetar.com\/AspetarFILEUPLOAD\/UploadCenter\/637532352577633336_Aspetar%20Clinical%20Guideline%20-%20Safe%20return%20to%20sport%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20Version%202.0.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Aspetar Clinical Guidelines: Safe return to sport during the Covid-19 pandemic version 2.0.<\/a> 2021<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Soccer Physiologist. DETRAINING &#8211; What Happens When We Stop Exercising? Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-dT5CC3LaV0\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-dT5CC3LaV0<\/a> (last accessed 4\/12\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kasper K. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/acsm-csmr\/fulltext\/2019\/04000\/sports_training_principles.2.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sports training principles.<\/a> Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2019 Apr 1;18(4):95-6.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Physiopedia. <a title=\"Principles of Exercise\" href=\"\/Principles_of_Exercise\">Principles of Exercise<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Powers SK and Howley ET. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance.10th edition. North Ride, NSW, Australia. McGraw Hill. 2014<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, Turner A. The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care. Sports Medicine. 2020 Aug;50(8):1431-50.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322699464_The_Importance_of_Muscular_Strength_Training_Considerations\" rel=\"nofollow\">The importance of muscular strength: training considerations.<\/a> Sports medicine. 2018 Apr;48(4):765-85.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Dorrell HF, Smith MF, Gee TI. Comparison of velocity-based and traditional percentage-based loading methods on maximal strength and power adaptations. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2020 Jan 1;34(1):46-53.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Siddique U, Rahman S, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. Determining the sites of neural adaptations to resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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