{"id":8511,"date":"2024-01-23T08:20:53","date_gmt":"2024-01-23T08:20:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/chronic-cardiopulmonary-adaptations-to-exercise-it\/"},"modified":"2025-05-28T23:09:20","modified_gmt":"2025-05-28T23:09:20","slug":"chronic-cardiopulmonary-adaptations-to-exercise-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/chronic-cardiopulmonary-adaptations-to-exercise-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Adattamenti cardiopolmonari cronici all&#8217;esercizio fisico"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Redazione originale <\/b> &#8211; <a title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\">Wanda van Niekerk<\/a> sulla base del corso di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/instructor\/dr-james-laskin\/\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">James Laskin<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Collaboratori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\"><bdi>Wanda van Niekerk<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Questa pagina si concentra sugli adattamenti cronici allo stimolo dell&#8217;esercizio fisico, cio\u00e8 sui cambiamenti che si verificano quando un individuo si allena regolarmente o \u00e8 coinvolto in un regime di esercizio fisico appropriato per i propri obiettivi specifici e per il proprio sport.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Adaptations_to_Training\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti all&#8217;allenamento<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Cardiovascular_Changes_at_Rest\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cambiamenti cardiovascolari a riposo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Cardiovascular_Changes_with_Exercise\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cambiamenti cardiovascolari con l&#8217;esercizio<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Respiratory_Adaptations_to_Training_at_Rest\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti respiratori all&#8217;allenamento a riposo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Respiratory_Adaptations_to_Training_with_Exercise\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti respiratori all&#8217;allenamento con l&#8217;esercizio<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Metabolic_and_Morphologic_Adaptations_to_Training_at_Rest\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all&#8217;allenamento a riposo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Metabolic_and_Morphologic_Adaptations_to_Training_with_Exercise\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all&#8217;allenamento con l&#8217;esercizio<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Adaptations_to_Aerobic_Training\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adattamenti all&#8217;allenamento aerobico<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Cardiorespiratory_Endurance\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Resistenza cardiorespiratoria<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Cardiovascular\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cardiovascolare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Adaptations_to_Training\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti all&#8217;allenamento<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti all'allenamento\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti all'allenamento\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span id=\"Cardiovascular_Changes_at_Rest\" class=\"mw-headline\">Cambiamenti cardiovascolari a riposo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cambiamenti cardiovascolari a riposo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cambiamenti cardiovascolari a riposo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Alcuni cambiamenti a riposo sono evidenti quando un individuo inizia ad allenarsi regolarmente (per esempio, i cambiamenti pre-allenamento (settimana 0) rispetto ai cambiamenti post-allenamento (settimana 12)). Queste includono:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca a riposo perch\u00e9:\n<ul>\n<li>l&#8217;impulso simpatico diminuisce<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>la velocit\u00e0 di contrazione atriale diminuisce<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>si prega di notare che la frequenza cardiaca a riposo normale \u00e8 di 60-100 battiti al minuto<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Aumento della gittata sistolica (SV)<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YEvm-Otmpw4?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione della pressione sanguigna:<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>la diminuzione della pressione arteriosa sistolica sar\u00e0 maggiore rispetto alla diminuzione della pressione arteriosa diastolica<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> &#8211; questo \u00e8 legato a una diminuzione della resistenza vascolare periferica<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Aumento del volume sanguigno totale con il mantenimento della concentrazione di emoglobina:\n<ul>\n<li>volume sanguigno = quantit\u00e0 di sangue che circola nell&#8217;organismo<\/li>\n<li>aumento del volume plasmatico<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>aumento dei globuli rossi<\/li>\n<li>aumento della massa di emoglobina<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>aumento della capacit\u00e0 di trasporto dell&#8217;ossigeno<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Cardiovascular_Changes_with_Exercise\" class=\"mw-headline\">Cambiamenti cardiovascolari con l&#8217;esercizio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cambiamenti cardiovascolari con l'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cambiamenti cardiovascolari con l'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Questo confronta i cambiamenti con l&#8217;esercizio prima (pre-) e dopo (post-) il programma di allenamento. Per esempio, una persona che esegue un test da sforzo graduato prima di iniziare un programma di allenamento (settimana 0) e che poi esegue lo stesso test alla settimana 12.<\/p>\n<p>Ad ogni determinato carico di lavoro, i cambiamenti includono:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca<\/li>\n<li>Aumento della gittata sistolica fino al 50% del carico di lavoro massimale<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>aumento della contrattilit\u00e0 miocardica<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>aumento del volume ventricolare<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>La <i>gittata cardiaca (Q) rimane invariata ad ogni determinato carico<\/i> (pre- vs post-)\n<ul>\n<li>ci\u00f2 \u00e8 dovuto all&#8217;aumento della gittata sistolica e alla diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca<\/li>\n<li>gittata cardiaca (Q) = gittata sistolica (VS) x frequenza cardiaca (FC)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>c&#8217;\u00e8 un aumento della gittata cardiaca solo alla frequenza cardiaca massima (FC <sub>max<\/sub>) per via del simultaneo aumento del volume sistolico (occorre ricordare che la frequenza cardiaca massima non \u00e8 allenabile, quindi alla frequenza cardiaca massima e con un aumento del volume sistolico si avr\u00e0 un aumento della gittata cardiaca alla frequenza cardiaca massima)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Potrebbe esserci una diminuzione della gittata cardiaca solo in presenza di una variazione dell&#8217;efficienza o di una significativa perdita di peso<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione del flusso sanguigno per kg di muscolo attivo durante l&#8217;esercizio submassimale\n<ul>\n<li>un muscolo allenato ha una maggiore capacit\u00e0 di estrazione dell&#8217;ossigeno (<sub>O2<\/sub>) grazie a un miglioramento della capacit\u00e0 di diffusione e della capacit\u00e0 respiratoria del muscolo<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>la diminuzione del flusso sanguigno muscolare permette di distribuire pi\u00f9 sangue ai visceri e alla pelle (ad esempio per la termoregolazione)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione del consumo di ossigeno del miocardio (<sub>VO2<\/sub>) dovuta a<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup>:\n<ul>\n<li>ipertrofia miocardica<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Respiratory_Adaptations_to_Training_at_Rest\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti respiratori all&#8217;allenamento a riposo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti respiratori all'allenamento a riposo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti respiratori all'allenamento a riposo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Potenziale aumento dei volumi polmonari:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>miglioramento della funzione polmonare<\/li>\n<li>nessuna variazione del volume ventilatorio (TV) <sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Aumento della capacit\u00e0 di diffusione:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>aumento dei volumi polmonari<\/li>\n<li>aumento della superficie alveolo-capillare<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>aumento del volume sanguigno<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Respiratory_Adaptations_to_Training_with_Exercise\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti respiratori all&#8217;allenamento con l&#8217;esercizio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti respiratori all'allenamento con l'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti respiratori all'allenamento con l'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Aumento della capacit\u00e0 di diffusione<\/li>\n<li>Aumento della ventilazione al minuto<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento dell&#8217;efficienza ventilatoria<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Diminuzione della ventilazione polmonare a ogni determinato carico di lavoro dato per via dell&#8217;aumento della capacit\u00e0 di diffusione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Metabolic_and_Morphologic_Adaptations_to_Training_at_Rest\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all&#8217;allenamento a riposo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all'allenamento a riposo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all'allenamento a riposo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Ipertrofia del muscolo scheletrico<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Aumento della densit\u00e0 capillare<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Aumento del numero e delle dimensioni dei mitocondri<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento della concentrazione di mioglobina<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento della velocit\u00e0 di trasporto dell&#8217;ossigeno (O2<sub>)<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Metabolic_and_Morphologic_Adaptations_to_Training_with_Exercise\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all&#8217;allenamento con l&#8217;esercizio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all'allenamento con l'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti metabolici e morfologici all'allenamento con l'esercizio fisico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione del tasso di deplezione del glicogeno a ogni determinato carico di lavoro<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento della capacit\u00e0 di mobilizzare e ossidare i grassi<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento del potenziale ossidativo dei mitocondri<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento dell&#8217;accumulo di glicogeno<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Adaptations_to_Aerobic_Training\" class=\"mw-headline\">Adattamenti all&#8217;allenamento aerobico<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti all'allenamento aerobico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Adattamenti all'allenamento aerobico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Cardiorespiratory_Endurance\" class=\"mw-headline\">Resistenza cardiorespiratoria<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Resistenza cardiorespiratoria\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Resistenza cardiorespiratoria\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<blockquote><p>L&#8217;allenamento aerobico \u00e8 un tipo di <a title=\"Attivit\u00e0 fisica\" href=\"\/Physical_Activity\">attivit\u00e0 fisica<\/a> ripetitiva e strutturata che richiede al sistema metabolico dell&#8217;organismo di utilizzare l&#8217;ossigeno per produrre energia.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Resistenza cardiorespiratoria:\n<ul>\n<li>capacit\u00e0 di sostenere un esercizio fisico prolungato e dinamico<\/li>\n<li>miglioramenti ottenuti attraverso adattamenti multisistemici (cardiovascolari, respiratori, muscolari, metabolici)<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Allenamento di resistenza:\n<ul>\n<li>aumento della capacit\u00e0 di resistenza massima = aumento del consumo massimo di ossigeno (VO<sub>2<\/sub>max)<\/li>\n<li>aumento della capacit\u00e0 di resistenza submassimale\n<ul>\n<li>frequenza cardiaca (FC) inferiore a parit\u00e0 di intensit\u00e0 di esercizio submassimale<\/li>\n<li>questo \u00e8 pi\u00f9 legato alla performance di resistenza agonistica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Cardiovascular\" class=\"mw-headline\">Cardiovascolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cardiovascolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cardiovascolare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sistema di trasporto dell&#8217;ossigeno (<sub>O2<\/sub>) ed equazione di Fick:<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>consumo di ossigeno (VO2) = gittata sistolica (SV) x frequenza cardiaca (FC) x differenza artero-venosa di ossigeno (a-v)O<sub>2<\/sub>\n<ul>\n<li><i><b>VO2 = SV X FC x (a &#8211; v)O2 o VO2 = Q x (a &#8211; v)O2<\/b><\/i><\/li>\n<li>Pertanto: \u2191 VO2max = \u2191 SV max x \u2192 FC x \u2191 differenza (a -v)O2 max<\/li>\n<li><i>(a-v)O2 si riferisce alla differenza di ossigeno artero-venosa. \u00c8 una misura della quantit\u00e0 di ossigeno che i tessuti prendono dal sangue<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Dimensioni del cuore:\n<ul>\n<li>con l&#8217;allenamento, la massa cardiaca e il volume del ventricolo sinistro aumentano\n<ul>\n<li>maggiore frequenza del polso target (TPR)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_13-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>ipertrofia cardiaca<\/li>\n<li>aumento della gittata sistolica (SV)<\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;aumento del volume plasmatico aumenta il volume del ventricolo sinistro per via dell&#8217;aumento del precarico &#8211; ci\u00f2 consente un aumento del volume telediastolico, che permette una maggiore gittata sistolica<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>La gittata sistolica aumenta dopo l&#8217;allenamento:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>la gittata sistolica a riposo, submassimale e massimale<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;aumento del volume plasmatico aumenta la gittata sistolica per via dell&#8217;aumento del precarico sul cuore &#8211; questo aumenta il volume telediastolico (EDV), che aumenta la gittata cardiaca<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>la frequenza cardiaca a riposo e submassimale diminuisce con l&#8217;allenamento, e questo aumenta il tempo di riempimento portando ad un aumento del volume telediastolico<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_23-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>l&#8217;aumento della massa ventricolare sinistra con l&#8217;allenamento porta a una maggiore forza di contrazione<\/li>\n<li>gli adattamenti della gittata sistolica all&#8217;allenamento diminuiscono con l&#8217;et\u00e0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Frequenza cardiaca a riposo:\n<ul>\n<li>diminuisce notevolmente in seguito all&#8217;aumento dell&#8217;attivit\u00e0 parasimpatica e alla diminuzione di quella simpatica nel cuore<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Frequenza cardiaca submassimale:\n<ul>\n<li>\u00e8 diminuita a parit\u00e0 di intensit\u00e0 assoluta<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Frequenza cardiaca massima:\n<ul>\n<li>nessun cambiamento significativo con l&#8217;allenamento<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_14-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>diminuisce lentamente con l&#8217;et\u00e0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Interazioni tra frequenza cardiaca e gittata sistolica:\n<ul>\n<li>la frequenza cardiaca e la gittata sistolica interagiscono per ottimizzare la gittata cardiaca<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Recupero della frequenza cardiaca:<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>recupero pi\u00f9 rapido con l&#8217;allenamento<\/li>\n<li>indice indiretto di fitness cardiorespiratorio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Gittata cardiaca (Q):\n<ul>\n<li>l&#8217;allenamento crea pochi o nessun cambiamento a riposo o all&#8217;esercizio submassimale<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>la gittata cardiaca massima aumenta per via dell&#8217;incremento della gittata sistolica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Flusso sanguigno:\n<ul>\n<li>aumento del flusso sanguigno al muscolo attivo<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Aumento della capillarizzazione, reclutamento capillare:<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>aumento del rapporto capillare:fibra muscolare<\/li>\n<li>aumento dell&#8217;area di sezione trasversale totale per lo scambio capillare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Diminuzione del flusso sanguigno nelle regioni inattive<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Aumento del volume sanguigno totale:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>impedisce una diminuzione del ritorno venoso a causa della presenza di pi\u00f9 sangue nei capillari<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Pressione sanguigna:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>riduzione della pressione arteriosa (BP) ad una determinata intensit\u00e0 submassimale<\/li>\n<li>aumento della pressione sanguigna sistolica e diminuzione della pressione sanguigna diastolica ad intensit\u00e0 massima<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Volume sanguigno &#8211; il volume totale aumenta rapidamente:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_12-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>aumento del volume plasmatico attraverso l&#8217;aumento delle proteine plasmatiche, l&#8217;aumento della ritenzione di acqua e sodio (Na+) (tutto nelle prime 2 settimane di allenamento)<\/li>\n<li>aumento del volume dei globuli rossi<\/li>\n<li>diminuzione della viscosit\u00e0 del plasma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OLGy1a3w08s?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise. Sports medicine. 2008 Aug;38(8):633-46.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Olshansky B, Ricci F, Fedorowski A. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1050173822000731?via%3Dihub\" rel=\"nofollow\">Importance of Resting Heart Rate: Heart rate and Outcomes<\/a>. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022 May 25.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Gould C, Hopper J. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1472029922000182?casa_token=VhNNpgXfWrcAAAAA:Qvv-5bs0AxjopM2v6kRV0DtN6PCzC7-dUGTDXHfKB4fuFxv6tFkHaqMgQYeyuZTb9wGx0GfgUA\" rel=\"nofollow\">Applied cardiovascular physiology.<\/a> Anaesthesia &amp; Intensive Care Medicine. 2022 Mar 18.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Whats Up Dude. What Is Stroke Volume Of The Heart &#8211; Stroke Volume Variation &#8211; Stroke Volume And Heart Rate. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YEvm-Otmpw4\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YEvm-Otmpw4<\/a> (last accessed 28\/11\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Barone Gibbs B, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, Kraus WE, Rosenkranz SK, Schorr EN, Spartano NL, Lobelo F, American Heart Association Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000196?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&amp;url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org\" rel=\"nofollow\">Physical activity as a critical component of first-line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.<\/a> Hypertension. 2021 Aug;78(2):e26-37.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Alpsoy \u015e. Exercise and hypertension. Physical Exercise for Human Health. 2020:153-67.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Fagard RH. Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2006 Sep;33(9):853-6.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Rhibi F, Prioux J, Attia MB, Hackney AC, Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB. Increase interval training intensity improves plasma volume variations and aerobic performances in response to intermittent exercise. Physiology &amp; behavior. 2019 Feb 1;199:137-45.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Skattebo \u00d8, Bjerring AW, Auensen M, Sarvari SI, Cumming KT, Capelli C, Hall\u00e9n J. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7181565\/pdf\/421_2020_Article_4336.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Blood volume expansion does not explain the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by 10 weeks of endurance training.<\/a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020 May;120(5):985-99.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Pakkala A. Chapter-5 Cardiorespiratory Adaptation to Exercise. MED CAL SCIENCES. 2020:69.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Seo DY, Kwak HB, Kim AH, Park SH, Heo JW, Kim HK, Ko JR, Lee SJ, Bang HS, Sim JW, Kim M. Cardiac adaptation to exercise training in health and disease. Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology. 2020 Feb;472(2):155-68.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-2\">12.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-3\">12.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-4\">12.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-5\">12.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-6\">12.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_12-7\">12.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hellsten Y, Nyberg M. Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training. Compr Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;6(1):1-32.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_13-2\">13.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_13-3\">13.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Laskin, J. Chronic Adaptations to Exercise Course. Plus, 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_14-2\">14.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_14-3\">14.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_14-4\">14.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin K. Cardiovascular Dynamics During Exercise. Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications,. 2005:340 &#8211; 62.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_15-0\">15.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_15-1\">15.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Smith DL, Fernhall B. Advanced cardiovascular exercise physiology. Human Kinetics; 2022 Feb 27.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Seo DY, Kwak HB, Kim AH, Park SH, Heo JW, Kim HK, Ko JR, Lee SJ, Bang HS, Sim JW, Kim M. Cardiac adaptation to exercise training in health and disease. Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology. 2020 Feb;472(2):155-68.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_17-2\">17.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">McKenzie DC. Respiratory physiology: adaptations to high-level exercise. British journal of sports medicine. 2012 May 1;46(6):381-4.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Patel PN, Zwibel H. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482280\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Physiology, exercise.<\/a> InStatPearls (Internet) 2021 Sep 18. StatPearls Publishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Chlif M, Chaouachi A, Ahmaidi S. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/rc.rcjournal.com\/content\/62\/7\/936.short\" rel=\"nofollow\">Effect of aerobic exercise training on ventilatory efficiency and respiratory drive in obese subjects.<\/a> Respiratory Care. 2017 Jul 1;62(7):936-46.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Harber MP, Konopka AR, Undem MK, Hinkley JM, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3524668\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men.<\/a> Journal of applied physiology. 2012 Nov 1;113(9):1495-504.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">MacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5407969\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity.<\/a> The Journal of physiology. 2017 May 1;595(9):2915-30.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Drake JC, Wilson RJ, Yan Z. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6137621\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial adaptation to exercise training in skeletal muscle.<\/a> The FASEB Journal. 2016 Jan;30(1):13-22.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-0\">23.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-1\">23.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-2\">23.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-3\">23.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-4\">23.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-5\">23.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_23-6\">23.6<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OLGy1a3w08s\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OLGy1a3w08s<\/a> (last accessed 12\/12\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20231227112104\nCache expiry: 0\nReduced expiry: true\nComplications: (show\u2010toc)\nCPU time usage: 0.120 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.126 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 506\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 126\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 3\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 18491\/5000000 bytes\n--><br \/>\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%    5.262      1 Special:Contributors\/Chronic_Cardiopulmonary_Adaptations_to_Exercise\n100.00%    5.262      1 -total\n--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redazione originale &#8211; Wanda van Niekerk sulla base del corso di James Laskin Collaboratori principali &#8211; Wanda van Niekerk e Jess Bell Questa pagina si concentra sugli adattamenti cronici allo stimolo dell&#8217;esercizio fisico, cio\u00e8 sui cambiamenti che si verificano quando un individuo si allena regolarmente o \u00e8 coinvolto in un regime di esercizio fisico appropriato [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8511","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8511"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8511\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12455,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8511\/revisions\/12455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}