{"id":7705,"date":"2023-10-18T20:38:12","date_gmt":"2023-10-18T20:38:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/anatomy-biomechanics-and-regional-interdependence-of-the-thorax-it\/"},"modified":"2023-10-19T20:00:21","modified_gmt":"2023-10-19T20:00:21","slug":"anatomy-biomechanics-and-regional-interdependence-of-the-thorax-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/anatomy-biomechanics-and-regional-interdependence-of-the-thorax-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Anatomia, biomeccanica e interdipendenza regionale del torace"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\"><b>Redazione principale <\/b>&#8211; <a title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\">Jess Bell<\/a> sulla base del corso di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/course_tutor\/tanya-bell-jenje\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Tanya Bell-Jenje<\/a><br \/>\n<b>Contributori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\" href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda hampton<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Robin Tacchetti\" href=\"\/User:Robin_Tacchetti\"><bdi>Robin Tacchetti<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Olajumoke Ogunleye\" href=\"\/User:Olajumoke_Ogunleye\"><bdi>Olajumoke Ogunleye<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Merinda Rodseth\" href=\"\/User:Merinda_Rodseth\"><bdi>Merinda Rodseth<\/bdi><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduzione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Anatomy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Anatomia<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Range_of_Motion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Range di movimento<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Regions_of_the_Thorax\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Regioni del torace<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Ribs\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Costole<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#The_Thoracic_Ring_(T3-T9)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">L&#8217;anello toracico (T3-T9)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Thoracic_Function\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Funzione toracica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Thoracic_Asymmetry\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Asimmetria toracica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Regional_Interdependence\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Interdipendenza regionale<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#1._Cervical_spine\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">1. Colonna cervicale<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#2._Shoulder\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">2. Spalla<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#3._Other_Relationships\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">3. Altre relazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Postural_and_Positional_Implications\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Implicazioni posturali e posizionali<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Summary\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Sintesi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduzione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Il <a title=\"Thoracic Anatomy\" href=\"\/Thoracic_Anatomy\">torace<\/a> \u00e8 un&#8217;area della colonna vertebrale storicamente poco esplorata. Tuttavia, pu\u00f2 essere un fattore contribuente silenzioso in molte presentazioni nella pratica clinica.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Uno studio trasversale in Danimarca<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup> ha esaminato la prevalenza del dolore vertebrale. Ha rilevato che in un anno<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Il 13% degli intervistati ha sofferto di <a title=\"Mal di schiena toracico\" href=\"\/Thoracic_Back_Pain\">dolore toracico<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Il 43% ha sofferto di <a title=\"Low Back Pain\" href=\"\/Low_Back_Pain\">dolore lombare<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Il 44% ha sofferto di <a title=\"Dolore meccanico al collo\" href=\"\/Mechanical_Neck_Pain\">dolore cervicale<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tuttavia, una percentuale compresa tra il 36 e il 41% dei soggetti che presentano dolore al collo o alla schiena presenta anche dolore toracico (cio\u00e8 circa 4 pazienti su 10).<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> Si tratta quindi di una regione che non dovrebbe essere ignorata nella pratica fisioterapica.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Anatomy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Anatomia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Anatomy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Anatomy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>La <a title=\"Thoracic Anatomy\" href=\"\/Thoracic_Anatomy\">colonna vertebrale toracica<\/a> conta 136 articolazioni e 112 inserzioni <a title=\"Muscle\" href=\"\/Muscle\">muscolari<\/a>. L&#8217;orientamento delle articolazioni toraciche e delle costole limita la flessione, l&#8217;estensione e la flessione laterale, ma facilita la rotazione.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3mniZ_zQuRE?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Range_of_Motion\" class=\"mw-headline\">Range di movimento<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Range of Motion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Range of Motion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La rotazione totale disponibile nella colonna vertebrale toracica \u00e8 di 85 gradi (+\/- 14,8 gradi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup> Contribuisce all&#8217;80% del range totale di rotazione assiale del tronco.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Ogni segmento toracico ruota tra i 6 e gli 8 gradi. Questo \u00e8 significativamente maggiore rispetto ai <a title=\"Lumbar Anatomy\" href=\"\/Lumbar_Anatomy\">segmenti lombari<\/a>, che ruotano solo di 2 o 3 gradi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Il movimento toracico \u00e8 fondamentale per ottenere performance ottimali negli sport di rotazione e la colonna vertebrale toracica collega cinematicamente i quadranti superiore e inferiore.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup> Inoltre, contribuisce al 55% della forza totale durante un lancio.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Regions_of_the_Thorax\" class=\"mw-headline\">Regioni del torace<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Regioni del torace\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Regioni del torace\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"thumbnail tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Rib_Cage.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/13\/Rib_Cage.jpg\/423px-Rib_Cage.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/13\/Rib_Cage.jpg\/635px-Rib_Cage.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/13\/Rib_Cage.jpg\/846px-Rib_Cage.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Gabbia per costole.jpg\" width=\"423\" height=\"250\" data-file-width=\"1146\" data-file-height=\"678\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Regione vertebro-manubriale:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Include: T1 e T2, le <a title=\"Ribs\" href=\"\/Ribs\">costole<\/a> 1 e 2, il manubrio e la <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Clavicola\" href=\"\/Clavicula\">clavicola<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Regione vertebro-sternale:\n<ul>\n<li>Include: da T3 a T7, costole vere da 3 a 7 e <a title=\"Sternum\" href=\"\/Sternum\">sterno<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Regione vertebro-condrale:\n<ul>\n<li>Include: da T8 a T10 e false costole da 8 a 10<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Regione toraco-lombare:\n<ul>\n<li>Include: T11 e T12, costole fluttuanti 11 e 12<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>NB: Le costole vere si attaccano direttamente allo sterno tramite la <a title=\"Cartilage\" href=\"\/Cartilage\">cartilagine<\/a>, le costole false si attaccano alle costole vere pi\u00f9 basse e le costole fluttuanti hanno solo attacchi posteriori alla colonna vertebrale.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Ribs\" class=\"mw-headline\">Costole<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Costole\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Costole\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Le costole 1, 11 e 12 si articolano con la vertebra omonima (ad esempio, la costola 1 si articola con T1)<\/li>\n<li>Le costole da 2 a 10 si articolano con la vertebra omonima, cos\u00ec come con il corpo sovrastante, il <a title=\"Disco intervertebrale\" href=\"\/Intervertebral_disc\">disco intervertebrale<\/a> e la superficie anteriore del processo trasverso della vertebra omonima<\/li>\n<li>Ulteriori informazioni sulle costole sono disponibili <a title=\"Ribs\" href=\"\/Ribs\">qui<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"The_Thoracic_Ring_.28T3-T9.29\"><\/span><span id=\"The_Thoracic_Ring_(T3-T9)\" class=\"mw-headline\">L&#8217;anello toracico (T3-T9)<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica della sezione: L'anello toracico (T3-T9)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modifica della sezione: L'anello toracico (T3-T9)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<blockquote><p>L'&#8221;anello toracico&#8221; \u00e8 costituito da due vertebre adiacenti e dal relativo disco intervertebrale, dalle coste di destra e di sinistra (attaccate al complesso vertebra-disco-vertebra in corrispondenza delle articolazioni costovertebrali) e dalle inserzioni anteriori allo sterno\/manubrio e le relative cartilagini&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ci sono 13 articolazioni per ogni anello toracico<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zigoapofisaria \/ faccetta = 2 articolazioni<\/li>\n<li>Costo-vertebrale = 4 articolazioni<\/li>\n<li>Intervertebrale = 1 articolazione<\/li>\n<li>Costo-transversa = 2 articolazioni<\/li>\n<li>Costo-condrale = 2 articolazioni<\/li>\n<li>Sterno-costale = 2 articolazioni<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per via delle forti connessioni anatomiche tra le costole e la colonna vertebrale toracica, la mobilizzazione laterale di una costola provocher\u00e0 un movimento a livello dei segmenti vertebrali di quell&#8217;anello toracico, nonch\u00e9 della costola sul lato opposto del corpo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Thoracic_Function\" class=\"mw-headline\">Funzione toracica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Funzione toracica\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Funzione toracica\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Lee<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup> ha descritto la colonna vertebrale toracica come una &#8220;molla&#8221; o una &#8220;molla che assorbe gli urti&#8221;. \u00c8 costituita da una pila dinamica di 10 anelli toracici<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_11-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup> e ha le seguenti funzioni<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trasmissione della forza\n<ul>\n<li>NB: molti pazienti con dolore lombare o dolore cervicale cronici hanno una colonna vertebrale toracica rigida e l&#8217;aumento della mobilit\u00e0 toracica consente una distribuzione pi\u00f9 uniforme del carico attraverso la colonna vertebrale con il movimento<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Area centrale per le inserzioni <a title=\"Fascia toracolombare\" href=\"\/Thoracolumbar_Fascia\">miofasciali<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Protegge cuore, polmoni, vasi e apparato digerente<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Supporta una <a title=\"Valutazione respiratoria\" href=\"\/Respiratory_Assessment\">funzione respiratoria<\/a> ottimale <sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Ospita il sistema nervoso autonomo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Thoracic_Asymmetry\" class=\"mw-headline\">Asimmetria toracica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Asimmetria toracica\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Asimmetria toracica\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u00c8 normale che vi sia un&#8217;asimmetria toracica dell&#8217;orientamento delle <a title=\"Articolazioni delle faccette\" href=\"\/Facet_Joints\">faccette<\/a> nella colonna vertebrale toracica.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup> L&#8217;anatomia asimmetrica potrebbe tuttavia causare cambiamenti nel movimento accoppiato di un segmento.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Regional_Interdependence\" class=\"mw-headline\">Interdipendenza regionale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Interdipendenza regionale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Interdipendenza regionale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>La teoria dell&#8217;<a title=\"Interdipendenza regionale\" href=\"\/Regional_Interdependence\">interdipendenza regionale<\/a> propone che: &#8220;disturbi apparentemente non correlati in regioni anatomiche remote del corpo potrebbero contribuire ed essere associati alla segnalazione primaria dei sintomi del paziente&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup> \u00c8 stato proposto che vi siano anche meccanismi centrali coinvolti nella mediazione dell&#8217;interdipendenza regionale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/v4YXQgamW2Q?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Esempi di interdipendenza nella colonna vertebrale toracica sono i seguenti:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"1._Cervical_spine\" class=\"mw-headline\">1. Colonna cervicale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: 1. Colonna cervicale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: 1. Colonna cervicale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tsang e colleghi<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup> hanno rilevato che il movimento della colonna vertebrale toracica, in particolare di quella superiore, contribuisce alla mobilit\u00e0 del collo. La colonna vertebrale toracica superiore contribuisce:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>25% alla flessione ed estensione cervicale<\/li>\n<li>10% alla rotazione cervicale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le alterazioni della colonna vertebrale toracica sono quindi implicate in una perdita del range di movimento cervicale, per cui quest&#8217;area dovrebbe essere sempre valutata nei pazienti con disfunzioni del collo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_22-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Analogamente, Engell e colleghi hanno riscontrato che quando le tecniche di terapia manuale (ad esempio, la terapia manipolativa spinale ad alta velocit\u00e0 e bassa ampiezza) vengono applicate alla colonna vertebrale toracica, le forze possono essere trasmesse al collo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"2._Shoulder\" class=\"mw-headline\">2. Spalla<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica sezione: 2. Spalla\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modifica sezione: 2. Spalla\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La <a title=\"Scapola\" href=\"\/Scapula\">scapola<\/a> \u00e8 un <a title=\"Osso\" href=\"\/Bone\">osso<\/a> sesamoide che poggia sul torace. \u00c8 influenzata dalla posizione degli elementi della colonna vertebrale toracica e delle costole. <a title=\"Postura\" href=\"\/Posture\">Posture<\/a> come la <a title=\"Thoracic Hyperkyphosis\" href=\"\/Thoracic_Hyperkyphosis\">cifosi toracica<\/a>, la <a title=\"Scoliosi\" href=\"\/Scoliosis\">scoliosi<\/a> toracica o la colonna vertebrale appiattita\/invertita possono modificare la posizione di riposo della scapola.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La cifosi toracica \u00e8 associata a una perdita del range di movimento <a title=\"Glenohumeral Joint\" href=\"\/Glenohumeral_Joint\">gleno-omerale<\/a> e a sintomi da <a title=\"Impingement \/ Instability Differentiation\" href=\"\/Impingement_\/_Instability_Differentiation\">impingement<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>\u00c8 stato dimostrato che il trattamento della colonna vertebrale toracica modifica i sintomi della spalla<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"3._Other_Relationships\" class=\"mw-headline\">3. Altre relazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: 3. Altre relazioni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: 3. Altre relazioni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>I blocchi del nervo <a title=\"Sistema nervoso simpatico\" href=\"\/Sympathetic_Nervous_System\">simpatico<\/a> nella colonna vertebrale toracica possono migliorare il <a title=\"Neuropathic Pain\" href=\"\/Neuropathic_Pain\">dolore neuropatico<\/a> cronico dell&#8217;arto superiore<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Il 70% dei pazienti con dolore laterale <a title=\"Gomito\" href=\"\/Elbow\">al gomito<\/a> ha un dolore toracico coesistente (rispetto al 16% del gruppo di controllo)<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Postural_and_Positional_Implications\" class=\"mw-headline\">Implicazioni posturali e posizionali<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Implicazioni posturali e posizionali\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Implicazioni posturali e posizionali\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Alcune disfunzioni posturali potrebbero provocare una disfunzione toracica compensatoria (cio\u00e8 &#8220;cede&#8221;):<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Degli <a title=\"Ischiocrurali\" href=\"\/Hamstrings\">ischiocrurali<\/a> inestensibili costringono la colonna vertebrale toracica a &#8220;cedere&#8221; in flessione durante la falcata, gli affondi e la posizione seduta prolungata<\/li>\n<li>Dei flessori dell&#8217;anca inestensibili possono causare <a title=\"Low Back Pain Related to Hyperlordosis\" href=\"\/Low_Back_Pain_Related_to_Hyperlordosis\">lordosi<\/a> e cifosi<\/li>\n<li>Una <a title=\"Leg Length Discrepancy\" href=\"\/Leg_Length_Discrepancy\">discrepanza nella lunghezza delle gambe<\/a> e un carico asimmetrico possono causare una scoliosi toracica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 402px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg\/400px-Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg\/600px-Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg\/800px-Bigstock_Image_-_Forward_Head_Posture_-_ID302417506.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" data-file-width=\"1600\" data-file-height=\"1067\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Figura 1. Posizione con anteposizione del capo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Posture cervico-toraciche scorrette, come ad esempio<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Forward Head Posture\" href=\"\/Forward_Head_Posture\">Posizione con anteposizione del capo<\/a> (Figura 1)<\/li>\n<li>Cifosi toracica<\/li>\n<li>Scoliosi<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Postura oscillante all'indietro\" href=\"\/Sway_Back_Posture\">Colonna vertebrale piatta\/invertita<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Possono causare<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Squilibri muscolari<\/li>\n<li>Incongruenza articolare<\/li>\n<li>Lassit\u00e0 <a title=\"Ligament\" href=\"\/Ligament\">legamentosa<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Alterazione della neurodinamica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Scoliosi toracica<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anche le curve minori causano l&#8217;incuneamento delle vertebre e dei dischi<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;80% degli atleti che subiscono un carico asimmetrico sul tronco e sulle spalle (ad esempio i lanciatori di giavellotto, i tennisti) presentano una scoliosi toracica<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Si potrebbe quindi proporre che la scoliosi fornisce un vantaggio meccanico negli sport asimmetrici<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Summary\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sintesi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Summary\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Summary\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Potenzialmente il 40% dei pazienti che si presentano alla fisioterapia con dolore alla schiena o al collo avr\u00e0 una disfunzione della colonna vertebrale toracica associata che deve essere valutata e gestita<\/li>\n<li>La <a title=\"Biomeccanica\" href=\"\/Biomechanics\">biomeccanica<\/a> e la conoscenza dell&#8217;anatomia clinica del torace vi aiuteranno a comprendere meglio la patogenesi di queste condizioni<\/li>\n<li>La rotazione toracica \u00e8 essenziale per performance sportive e attivit\u00e0 funzionali ottimali<\/li>\n<li>Le disfunzioni posturali, come la rigidit\u00e0 degli ischiocrurali o dei flessori dell&#8217;anca, potrebbero costringere la colonna vertebrale toracica a &#8220;cedimenti&#8221; compensativi: \u00e8 essenziale cercare la fonte del problema<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-2\">1.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-3\">1.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-4\">1.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-5\">1.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-6\">1.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-7\">1.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-8\">1.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-9\">1.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-10\">1.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-11\">1.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-12\">1.12<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bell-Jenje T. 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Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3mniZ_zQuRE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3mniZ_zQuRE<\/a> (last accessed 28\/8\/2021)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Heneghan NR, Hall A, Hollands M, Balanos GM. Stability and intra-tester reliability of an in vivo measurement of thoracic axial rotation using an innovative methodology. 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Sports Med. 1992;13(5):357-64. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20231009042124 Cache expiry: 0 Reduced expiry: true Complications: (show\u2010toc) CPU time usage: 0.113 seconds Real time usage: 0.125 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 526\/1000000 Post\u2010expand include size: 143\/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3\/100 Expensive parser function count: 0\/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0\/20 Unstrip post\u2010expand size: 5720\/5000000 bytes --><br \/>\n<!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 8.725 1 Special:Contributors\/Anatomy,_Biomechanics_and_Regional_Interdependence_of_the_Thorax 100.00% 8.725 1 -total --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redazione principale &#8211; Jess Bell sulla base del corso di Tanya Bell-Jenje Contributori principali &#8211; Jess Bell, Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Robin Tacchetti, Olajumoke Ogunleye e Merinda Rodseth Contenuti 1 Introduzione 2 Anatomia 2.1 Range di movimento 2.2 Regioni del torace 2.2.1 Costole 2.2.2 L&#8217;anello toracico (T3-T9) 3 Funzione toracica 4 Asimmetria toracica 5 Interdipendenza [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7705","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7705"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7721,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7705\/revisions\/7721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}