{"id":6522,"date":"2023-06-12T14:55:53","date_gmt":"2023-06-12T14:55:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/overview-of-female-pelvic-floor-muscle-anatomy-and-physiology-it\/"},"modified":"2023-06-13T14:35:36","modified_gmt":"2023-06-13T14:35:36","slug":"overview-of-female-pelvic-floor-muscle-anatomy-and-physiology-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/overview-of-female-pelvic-floor-muscle-anatomy-and-physiology-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Panoramica sull&#8217;anatomia e la fisiologia dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico femminile"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\"><b>Redattrice principale<\/b> &#8211; <a title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\">Jess Bell<\/a> sulla base del corso di <a href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/instructor\/Ibukun-Afolabi\/\">Ibukun Afolabi<\/a><br \/>\n<b>Collaboratori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Rucha Gadgil\" href=\"\/User:Rucha_Gadgil\"><bdi>Rucha Gadgil<\/bdi><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduzione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#The_Pelvic_Floor\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Il pavimento pelvico<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Pelvic_Cavity\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cavit\u00e0 pelvica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Pelvic_Floor_Muscles\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Muscoli del pavimento pelvico<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Deep_Layer_-_Pelvic_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Strato profondo &#8211; Diaframma pelvico<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Middle_Layer_-_Urogenital_Diaphragm_\/_Perineal_Membrane\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Strato intermedio &#8211; Diaframma urogenitale\/membrana perineale<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Superficial_Layer\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Strato superficiale<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Physiology_of_the_Pelvic_Floor\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fisiologia del pavimento pelvico<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#The_Nine_S's_of_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Physiology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Le nove S della fisiologia muscolare del pavimento pelvico<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduzione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Il pavimento pelvico non esiste in modo isolato. Fa parte di un sistema complesso che lavora in sinergia con strutture e sistemi sia vicini che lontani nel corpo, tra cui il complesso caviglia\/piede, il complesso toracico e respiratorio, il sistema nervoso centrale e il cervello.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> Poich\u00e9 il corpo \u00e8 un sistema bio-tensegrale dinamico, interconnesso, fascialmente collegato<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup>, \u00e8 importante che i fisioterapisti per la salute pelvica considerino il contributo di tutti questi sistemi e strutture quando valutano e trattano i disturbi della salute pelvica.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Pelvis_anterior_and_posterior,_segments_highlighted.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/ea\/Pelvis_anterior_and_posterior%2C_segments_highlighted.png\/300px-Pelvis_anterior_and_posterior%2C_segments_highlighted.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/ea\/Pelvis_anterior_and_posterior%2C_segments_highlighted.png\/450px-Pelvis_anterior_and_posterior%2C_segments_highlighted.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/e\/ea\/Pelvis_anterior_and_posterior%2C_segments_highlighted.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"600\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Figura 1. Ossa del bacino.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"The_Pelvic_Floor\" class=\"mw-headline\">Il pavimento pelvico<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Il pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Il pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png\/300px-Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png\/450px-Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c9\/Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png\/600px-Ligaments_of_the_pelvis_anterior_aspect_Primal.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-file-width=\"990\" data-file-height=\"990\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Figura 2. Legamenti della pelvi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/02\/Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg\/300px-Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/02\/Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg\/450px-Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/02\/Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg\/600px-Pelvic_Floor_Muscles.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"219\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"583\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Figura 3. Muscoli del pavimento pelvico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>I professionisti sanitari potrebbero avere opinioni diverse su ci\u00f2 che costituisce il pavimento pelvico:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Si tratta solo dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico?<\/li>\n<li>Gli organi pelvici dovrebbero essere inclusi?<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;articolazione dell&#8217;anca fa parte del pavimento pelvico?<\/li>\n<li>Sono inclusi anche i contenuti della cavit\u00e0 addominale inferiore?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per il fisioterapista per la salute pelvica, il termine pavimento pelvico si riferisce all&#8217;area alla base della pelvi e a tutti i suoi contenuti e strutture associate, tra cui:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La pelvi stessa (Figura 1)\n<ul>\n<li>Chiamata anello pelvico o ciotola pelvica<\/li>\n<li>Include le articolazioni pelviche<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Organi pelvici\n<ul>\n<li>Vescica, utero e retto nelle donne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Legamenti pelvici (Figura 2)<\/li>\n<li>La fascia endopelvica e il tessuto connettivo<\/li>\n<li>I nervi che innervano la regione pelvica, i vasi sanguigni e il sistema linfatico<\/li>\n<li>I genitali esterni<\/li>\n<li>La muscolatura del pavimento pelvico (Figura 3 e 4)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I fisioterapisti per la salute pelvica sono in grado di trattare tutte queste strutture direttamente o indirettamente.<\/p>\n<p>Questa pagina si concentra sull&#8217;anatomia della muscolatura del pavimento pelvico femminile. Ulteriori informazioni sulle altre strutture della pelvi sono disponibili <a title=\"Anatomy of the Pelvic Girdle\" href=\"\/Anatomy_of_the_Pelvic_Girdle\">qui<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Pelvic_Cavity\" class=\"mw-headline\">Cavit\u00e0 pelvica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cavit\u00e0 pelvica\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Cavit\u00e0 pelvica\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le cavit\u00e0 addominali e pelviche sono delimitate anteriormente, superiormente, posteriormente e inferiormente:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Il limite anteriore \u00e8 la parete addominale<\/li>\n<li>Il limite superiore \u00e8 il diaframma respiratorio<\/li>\n<li>Il limite posteriore \u00e8 la colonna vertebrale<\/li>\n<li>Il limite inferiore sono i muscoli del pavimento pelvico<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Pelvic_Floor_Muscles\" class=\"mw-headline\">Muscoli del pavimento pelvico<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Muscoli del pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Muscoli del pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico agiscono per chiudere l&#8217;apertura ossea, e lo fanno completamente a parte le aperture specifiche:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lo iato uro-genitale\n<ul>\n<li>Contiene l&#8217;uretra e la vagina nelle donne<\/li>\n<li>Posizionato anteriormente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lo iato anale\n<ul>\n<li>Contiene il canale anale<\/li>\n<li>Posizionato posteriormente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/I87G1dUcZng?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q0_JAoaM6pU?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico sono divisi in tre strati.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png\/300px-Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png\/450px-Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png\/600px-Muscles_of_the_pelvic_diaphragm_Primal.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-file-width=\"990\" data-file-height=\"990\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Figura 4. Muscoli del diaframma pelvico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Deep_Layer_-_Pelvic_Diaphragm\" class=\"mw-headline\">Strato profondo &#8211; Diaframma pelvico<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Strato profondo - Diaframma pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Strato profondo - Diaframma pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lo strato pi\u00f9 profondo dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico \u00e8 noto come diaframma pelvico (si veda Figura 4). Si tratta di un&#8217;ampia imbracatura di fascia e muscoli a forma di imbuto sospesa a punti di ancoraggio ossei nella piccola pelvi<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup> (cio\u00e8 l&#8217;area della cavit\u00e0 pelvica al di sotto della linea terminale<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p>I muscoli del diaframma pelvico sono:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Muscolo ischio-coccigeo<\/b> (noto anche come muscolo coccigeo)\n<ul>\n<li>Origina dalla spina ischiatica e si inserisce sull&#8217;aspetto laterale delle vertebre coccigee<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Elevatore dell&#8217;ano<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Un muscolo composto che viene tradizionalmente suddiviso in tre parti:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Pubo-coccigeo<\/b>: origina dalla superficie interna del ramo pubico e si inserisce sulle vertebre sacrali e coccigee inferiori<\/li>\n<li><b>Ileo-ococcigeo<\/b>: origina dall&#8217;arco tendineo dell&#8217;elevatore dell&#8217;ano (ATLA) e si fonde con il pubo-coccigeo<\/li>\n<li><b>Pubo-rettale<\/b>: origina dalla superficie interna dei lati destro e sinistro dell&#8217;osso pubico. I due muscoli si incontrano dietro il retto e formano un&#8217;imbracatura continua<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In questa parte profonda del pavimento pelvico \u00e8 possibile palpare anche i muscoli otturatore interno e piriforme. Questi muscoli, tuttavia, non sono considerati parte del diaframma pelvico. Sono, invece, rotatori dell&#8217;anca.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Middle_Layer_-_Urogenital_Diaphragm_.2F_Perineal_Membrane\"><\/span><span id=\"Middle_Layer_-_Urogenital_Diaphragm_\/_Perineal_Membrane\" class=\"mw-headline\">Strato intermedio &#8211; Diaframma urogenitale\/membrana perineale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Strato intermedio - Diaframma urogenitale \/ Membrana perineale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Strato intermedio - Diaframma urogenitale \/ Membrana perineale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lo strato intermedio era tradizionalmente chiamato diaframma urogenitale, ma oggi viene spesso indicato come membrana perineale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u00c8 controverso se questo strato contenga:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un foglio di muscolo trasverso, chiamato muscolo trasverso profondo del perineo, che si trova tra la fascia inferiore e quella superiore O<\/li>\n<li>Tre muscoli uniti e uno strato fasciale inferiore (ossia la membrana perineale)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tuttavia, lo strato intermedio si estende lungo il triangolo urogenitale (si veda sotto) e nelle donne ospita gli sfinteri uretrali e vaginali (cio\u00e8 lo sfintere uretro-vaginale, lo sfintere uretrale esterno e le uretre compressorie). Questi sfinteri chiudono l&#8217;uretra e la vagina e mantengono la continenza.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> L&#8217;intero strato perineale fornisce un ulteriore supporto alle strutture pi\u00f9 profonde del pavimento pelvico.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/14\/Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png\/300px-Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/14\/Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png\/450px-Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/14\/Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png\/600px-Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"247\" data-file-width=\"875\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Figura 5. Muscoli dello strato superficiale.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Superficial_Layer\" class=\"mw-headline\">Strato superficiale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Strato superficiale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Strato superficiale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lo strato pi\u00f9 superficiale (Figura 5) dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico \u00e8 costituito da:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Bulbo-cavernoso<\/b> e <b>ischio-cavernoso<\/b>:\n<ul>\n<li>Questi muscoli contribuiscono alla funzione del clitoride durante l&#8217;eccitazione e l&#8217;orgasmo<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Muscoli trasversi superficiali del perineo<\/b> (accoppiati):\n<ul>\n<li>Forniscono un supporto aggiuntivo al diaframma uro-genitale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Sfintere anale esterno<\/b>:\n<ul>\n<li>Un muscolo circolare e stratificato che chiude il canale anale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Il perineo (corpo perineale) e i muscoli trasversi superficiali del perineo si dividono in due triangoli:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Triangolo anteriore (detto triangolo urogenitale):<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Costituisce la met\u00e0 anteriore del perineo, che ha una forma a diamante<\/li>\n<li>Gli angoli del triangolo sono la sinfisi pubica anteriormente e le tuberosit\u00e0 ischiatiche antero-lateralmente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Triangolo posteriore (detto triangolo ano-rettale):<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Costituisce la met\u00e0 posteriore del perineo<\/li>\n<li>Gli angoli di questo triangolo sono la punta del coccige posteriormente e le tuberosit\u00e0 ischiatiche antero-lateralmente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Physiology_of_the_Pelvic_Floor\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fisiologia del pavimento pelvico<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Fisiologia del pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Fisiologia del pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico sono, per molti aspetti, come qualsiasi altro gruppo muscolare scheletrico:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Possono contrarsi e rilassarsi<\/li>\n<li>Essere accorciati o allungati<\/li>\n<li>Essere deboli o forti<\/li>\n<li>Essere rigidi o elastici<\/li>\n<li>Possono mantenere la tensione o muoversi dinamicamente<\/li>\n<li>Potrebbero essere coordinati o non coordinati, sia individualmente che in relazione ad altri gruppi muscolari<\/li>\n<li>Possono essere normalmente regolati o &#8220;disregolati&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico contengono fibre a contrazione rapida e lenta. Le fibre a contrazione lenta costituiscono il 70% del pavimento pelvico.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;elevata prevalenza di fibre a contrazione lenta significa che questi muscoli sono in grado di mantenere un grado di attivazione a riposo. Sono quindi considerati muscoli posturali.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup> Questa attivazione a riposo consente anche il mantenimento della continenza.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Le fibre a contrazione rapida consentono ai muscoli di contrarsi volontariamente quando necessario (ad esempio, durante un aumento atteso o inatteso della pressione intra-addominale).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"The_Nine_S.27s_of_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Physiology\"><\/span><span id=\"The_Nine_S's_of_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Physiology\" class=\"mw-headline\">Le nove S della fisiologia muscolare del pavimento pelvico<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Le nove S della fisiologia dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Le nove S della fisiologia dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Mentre alcuni autori parlano di Cinque S,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup> Ibukun Afolabi descrive nove S:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Support (supporto)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><b>Sexual arousal and orgasm (eccitazione sessuale e orgasmo)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico superficiale provocano l&#8217;ingorgo e l&#8217;erezione del clitoride durante l&#8217;eccitazione. Anche i muscoli del pavimento pelvico si contraggono e si rilassano ritmicamente durante l&#8217;orgasmo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Sphincter action (azione dello sfintere)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Gli sfinteri sono muscoli circolari che, quando si contraggono, chiudono uno spazio\/un lume<\/li>\n<li>Hanno un certo grado di tono a riposo, regolato dal sistema nervoso<\/li>\n<li>Possono anche essere contratti attivamente<\/li>\n<li>Mantengono la continenza<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Stability (stabilit\u00e0)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel sistema del core interno (ovvero lo strato muscolare pi\u00f9 profondo che circonda le cavit\u00e0 addominale e pelvica, composto da <a title=\"Transversus Abdominis\" href=\"\/Transversus_Abdominis\">trasverso dell&#8217;addome<\/a>, <a title=\"Lumbar Multifidus\" href=\"\/Lumbar_Multifidus\">multifido<\/a>, diaframma respiratorio e pavimento pelvico)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Synergy (sinergia)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Il pavimento pelvico lavora in sinergia con altri muscoli e organi (vedi video sotto)<\/li>\n<li>Rapporto con il diaframma (funziona come un pistone)<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Durante l&#8217;inspirazione il diaframma si contrae e si appiattisce, spingendo i visceri verso l&#8217;alto &#8211; il pavimento pelvico assorbe questo movimento contraendosi eccentricamente<\/li>\n<li>Nell&#8217;espirazione, il diaframma e il pavimento pelvico ritornano alla loro posizione di partenza<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>La glottide sovrastante controlla il passaggio dell&#8217;aria in entrata e in uscita dalle vie respiratorie<\/li>\n<li>Agisce in sinergia con il pavimento pelvico e il diaframma<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Spring (molla)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Il pavimento pelvico deve essere in grado di allungarsi sotto pressione (soprattutto quando questa pressione \u00e8 inaspettata, come durante uno starnuto o quando viene applicato un carico elevato)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Sump pump (pompa di scarico)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Il movimento ritmico dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico crea un&#8217;azione di pompaggio che aiuta a muovere il sangue e la linfa attraverso il sistema vascolare, riducendo la congestione pelvica\/il gonfiore<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Stretch (allungamento)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Durante il travaglio i muscoli del pavimento pelvico devono essere in grado di allungarsi<\/li>\n<li>I muscoli del pavimento pelvico possono raggiungere un rapporto di allungamento di 3,26 entro la fine della seconda fase del travaglio<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>I muscoli dell&#8217;elevatore dell&#8217;ano si allungano di oltre il 200% oltre quella che viene considerata la soglia per una lesione da stiramento durante la seconda fase del travaglio<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Somatic (somatica)<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Si riferisce pi\u00f9 allo &#8220;stato d&#8217;essere&#8221; del pavimento pelvico in un dato momento che a una sua funzione specifica<\/li>\n<li>La &#8220;realt\u00e0 somatica&#8221; del pavimento pelvico pu\u00f2 fornire indicazioni sulla relazione tra mente, corpo, cervello e comportamento<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mLFfZfm7O7c?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4dS7bc_4Mx0?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Overview_of_Female_Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Anatomy_and_Physiology&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-2\">1.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-3\">1.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-4\">1.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-5\">1.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-6\">1.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-7\">1.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-8\">1.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-9\">1.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-10\">1.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-11\">1.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-12\">1.12<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-13\">1.13<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-14\">1.14<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-15\">1.15<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-16\">1.16<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-17\">1.17<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-18\">1.18<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-19\">1.19<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-20\">1.20<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-21\">1.21<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-22\">1.22<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-23\">1.23<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-24\">1.24<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-25\">1.25<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-26\">1.26<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-27\">1.27<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Afolabi I. 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