{"id":5342,"date":"2023-03-24T10:07:58","date_gmt":"2023-03-24T10:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/gait-definitions-it\/"},"modified":"2023-03-29T14:08:46","modified_gmt":"2023-03-29T14:08:46","slug":"gait-definitions-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/gait-definitions-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Definizioni del passo"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\"><b>Redattrice principale <\/b>&#8211;  <a title=\"User:Karsten De Koster\" href=\"\/User:Karsten_De_Koster\">Karsten De Koster<\/a> <b>Contributori principali<\/b>  &#8211;  <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\"><bdi>Wanda van Niekerk<\/bdi><\/a>,  <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Daphne Xuan\" href=\"\/User:Daphne_Xuan\"><bdi>Dafne Xuan<\/bdi><\/a>,  <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Tarina van der Stockt\" href=\"\/User:Tarina_van_der_Stockt\"><bdi>Tarina van der Stockt<\/bdi><\/a>,  <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduzione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Gait_Definitions\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Definizioni del passo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Gait_Development\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Sviluppo del passo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Normal_Gait_or_Ideal_Gait.3F\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Passo normale o passo ideale?<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Major_Tasks_of_Gait\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Principali compiti del passo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Important_Terminology_of_Gait\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Terminologia importante riguardo al passo<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Gait_cycle\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\"><b>Ciclo del passo<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Centre_of_Mass_.28COM.29\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\"><b>Centro di massa (COM)<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Ground_Reaction_Force\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\"><b>Forza di reazione al suolo<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Centre_of_Pressure\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Centro di pressione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Gait_Observation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Osservazione del passo<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Gait_analysis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\"><b>Analisi del passo<\/b><\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Temporal_Variables\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Variabili di tempo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Distance_Variables\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Variabili di distanza<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Other_Variables\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Altre variabili<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduzione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumbnail tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg\/300px-Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg\/450px-Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/cf\/Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg\/600px-Dave-goudreau-1z9ziLqz6lI-unsplash.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"452\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Camminare \u00e8 una componente essenziale del nostro movimento quotidiano ed \u00e8 un importante indicatore di salute. \u00c8 il tipo di attivit\u00e0 fisica pi\u00f9 comune per gli adulti nel tempo libero.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Il passo umano dipende da una complessa interazione di parti importanti dei sistemi <a title=\"Introduction to Neuroanatomy\" href=\"\/Introduction_to_Neuroanatomy\">nervoso<\/a>, muscolo-scheletrico e <a title=\"Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) In Adults\" href=\"\/Cardiopulmonary_Exercise_Testing_(CPET)_In_Adults\">cardio-respiratorio<\/a>&#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lo schema del passo di un individuo \u00e8 influenzato dall&#8217;et\u00e0, dalla personalit\u00e0, dall&#8217;umore e da fattori socioculturali.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La velocit\u00e0 di camminata preferita dagli <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Older People Introduction\" href=\"\/Older_People_Introduction\">anzian<\/a><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Older People Introduction\" href=\"\/Older_People_Introduction\">i<\/a> \u00e8 un indicatore sensibile della salute generale e della sopravvivenza.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Una camminata sicura richiede che la <a title=\"Cognitive Impairments\" href=\"\/Cognitive_Impairments\">cognizione<\/a> e il controllo esecutivo siano intatti. Si tratta di un complesso processo biomeccanico di equilibrio dinamico che richiede alla persona di mantenere il proprio baricentro all&#8217;interno della propria base di appoggio per tutto il movimento.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>I disturbi del passo portano ad una perdita di libert\u00e0 personale, <a title=\"Falls\" href=\"\/Falls\">cadute<\/a> e infortuni e determinano una marcata riduzione della <a title=\"Quality of Life\" href=\"\/Quality_of_Life\">qualit\u00e0 della vita<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c8 quindi importante poter misurare e analizzare il passo umano. A tal fine, sono stati definiti una serie di termini e parametri rilevanti.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Gait_Definitions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Definizione del passo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gait Definitions\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Gait Definitions\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Passo<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Locomozione verticale in un particolare modo di muoversi a piedi che pu\u00f2 essere una camminata, una corsetta o una corsa.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Gait_Development\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sviluppo del passo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gait Development\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Gait Development\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>I bambini impiegano circa 11-15 mesi per imparare e sviluppare il passo<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;affinamento e la normalizzazione di uno schema del passo richiedono altri 4 o 5 anni.<\/li>\n<li>I bambini di et\u00e0 compresa tra i 6 e i 7 anni presentano uno schema del passo normalizzato, simile a quello degli adulti <sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Cambiamenti del passo nel corso della vita<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Il passo rimane invariato fino alla mezza et\u00e0, ma con l&#8217;avanzare dell&#8217;et\u00e0 potrebbe deteriorarsi. Le ragioni di questo potrebbero essere <sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>:\n<ul>\n<li>Condizioni neuromuscolari<\/li>\n<li>Atrofia muscolare<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Disturbi neurologici centrali <sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Normal_Gait_or_Ideal_Gait?\"><\/span><span id=\"Normal_Gait_or_Ideal_Gait.3F\" class=\"mw-headline\">Passo normale o passo ideale?<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Normal Gait or Ideal Gait?\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Normal Gait or Ideal Gait?\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Un passo &#8220;ideale&#8221; deve essere sicuro ed efficiente dal punto di vista energetico.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup> Per esempio<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Il passo &#8220;ideale&#8221; di un individuo con una lesione ortopedica e\/o una condizione neurologica potrebbe essere notevolmente diverso dall&#8217;immagine di passo &#8220;ideale&#8221; di un clinico.\n<ul>\n<li>Finch\u00e9 l&#8217;individuo si muove nel modo pi\u00f9 sicuro possibile e nel modo pi\u00f9 efficiente possibile, il suo schema del passo &#8220;disfunzionale&#8221; \u00e8 in realt\u00e0 il suo schema del passo &#8220;ideale&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Un dispositivo di assistenza o un tutore non dovrebbe essere sempre considerato una &#8220;stampella&#8221;.\n<ul>\n<li>Se il dispositivo o il tutore migliora la sicurezza e la fiducia dell&#8217;individuo e\/o scarica la struttura lesa, allora \u00e8 un&#8217;aggiunta positiva allo schema del passo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Major_Tasks_of_Gait\" class=\"mw-headline\">Principali compiti del passo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Major Tasks of Gait\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Major Tasks of Gait\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le cinque funzioni principali del passo sono<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mantenere il sostegno della testa, delle braccia e del tronco<\/li>\n<li>Mantenere la postura verticale e l&#8217;equilibrio del corpo<\/li>\n<li>Controllare la traiettoria del piede per ottenere un distacco sicuro dal suolo e un atterraggio delicato con il tallone o con le dita del piede<\/li>\n<li>Generare energia meccanica per mantenere l&#8217;attuale velocit\u00e0 di avanzamento o per aumentarla<\/li>\n<li>Assorbire l&#8217;energia meccanica per assorbire gli urti e la stabilit\u00e0 o per diminuire la velocit\u00e0 di avanzamento del corpo<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span id=\"Important_Terminology_of_Gait\" class=\"mw-headline\">Terminologia importante per quanto riguarda il passo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Important Terminology of Gait\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Important Terminology of Gait\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Gait_cycle\" class=\"mw-headline\"><b>Ciclo del passo<\/b><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gait cycle\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Gait cycle\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Il <a title=\"The Gait Cycle\" href=\"\/The_Gait_Cycle\">ciclo del passo<\/a> \u00e8 il tempo che intercorre tra il momento in cui il tallone di un piede tocca il suolo e il momento in cui lo stesso tallone tocca nuovamente il suolo o uno schema ripetitivo che comprende passi e falcate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Loudon_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Loudon-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup> Il ciclo del passo \u00e8 diviso in due fasi che sono ulteriormente suddivise in sottofasi<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><i>Fase di appoggio<\/i> (stance phase, 60% del ciclo del passo) &#8211; durante la quale una parte del piede \u00e8 a contatto con il suolo <sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup>:\n<ul>\n<li>Contatto iniziale (impatto del tallone)<\/li>\n<li>Piede piatto (risposta al carico)<\/li>\n<li>Posizione intermedia (mid-stance, appoggio su una gamba sola)<\/li>\n<li>Distacco del tallone (terminal stance, fase di appoggio finale)<\/li>\n<li>Distacco delle dita del piede (pre-oscillazione)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Fase di oscillazione<\/i> (swing phase, 40% del ciclo del passo) &#8211; durante la quale il piede non \u00e8 in contatto con il terreno <sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup>:\n<ul>\n<li>Oscillazione iniziale\/precoce (accelerazione)<\/li>\n<li>Oscillazione intermedia (mid-swing)<\/li>\n<li>Oscillazione tardiva (decelerazione)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Walk_cycle.jpg\" href=\"\/File:Gait_cycle.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/17\/Gait_cycle.jpg\/800px-Gait_cycle.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/17\/Gait_cycle.jpg\/1200px-Gait_cycle.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/17\/Gait_cycle.jpg\/1600px-Gait_cycle.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"177\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a title=\"The Gait Cycle\" href=\"\/The_Gait_Cycle\">Ciclo del passo<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Centre_of_Mass_(COM)\"><\/span><span id=\"Centre_of_Mass_.28COM.29\" class=\"mw-headline\"><b>Centro di massa (COM)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Centre of Mass (COM)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Centre of Mass (COM)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Il punto in cui \u00e8 centrata la massa del corpo <sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Solitamente 5 cm davanti a S2 negli adulti<\/li>\n<li>Detto anche centro di gravit\u00e0 o <a title=\"Centre of Gravity\" href=\"\/Centre_of_Gravity\">baricentro<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Il <a title=\"Centre of Gravity\" href=\"\/Centre_of_Gravity\">centro di massa<\/a> non \u00e8 un punto fisso e cambia nelle diverse posizioni, come in quella seduta, in piedi e in ginocchio <sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Spostamento del centro di massa\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c8 difficile seguire e valutare il movimento intorno a S2. Un altro modo per valutare lo spostamento del centro di massa di un corpo \u00e8 quello di osservare la testa per avere una rappresentazione verticale del movimento del COM<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Il punto pi\u00f9 basso sar\u00e0 nella posizione di doppio appoggio<\/li>\n<li>Il punto pi\u00f9 alto sar\u00e0 nella fase di appoggio\/oscillazione intermedia (mid-stance\/mid-swing)<\/li>\n<li>La variazione verticale del COM sar\u00e0 di circa 5 cm<\/li>\n<li>Difficile da misurare, quindi piuttosto si cerca una quantit\u00e0 eccessiva di spostamento verticale <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La testa di un individuo si alzer\u00e0 durante la fase di appoggio intermedia (fase di appoggio su una gamba sola) e scender\u00e0 durante i periodi di carico e scarico del peso <sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Anche il centro di massa si sposta da un lato all&#8217;altro durante la deambulazione<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Lo spostamento massimo verso destra si verificher\u00e0 durante la fase di appoggio intermedia a destra<\/li>\n<li>Lo spostamento massimo a sinistra si verificher\u00e0 durante la fase di appoggio intermedia a sinistra<\/li>\n<li>Lo spostamento laterale del COM sar\u00e0 di circa 4 cm<\/li>\n<li>Difficile da misurare, quindi piuttosto si osserva per vedere se l&#8217;individuo deambula con una base d&#8217;appoggio larga o stretta <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Ground_Reaction_Force\" class=\"mw-headline\"><b>Forza di reazione al suolo<\/b><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Ground Reaction Force\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Ground Reaction Force\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Forze applicate dal terreno al piede, quando il piede \u00e8 a contatto con il suolo<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Genera un momento meccanico (torque) esterno\n<ul>\n<li>Momento meccanico (torque) esterno\n<ul>\n<li>Momento meccanico che agisce sul corpo<\/li>\n<li>Quando il momento meccanico esterno passa a una certa distanza dall&#8217;asse, si verifica una rotazione del segmento corporeo sovrapposto attorno all&#8217;asse dell&#8217;articolazione <sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;entit\u00e0 aumenta con l&#8217;aumentare della distanza tra la forza di reazione al suolo e l&#8217;asse dell&#8217;articolazione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Momento meccanico interno\n<ul>\n<li>Contrazioni muscolari per controbilanciare il momento meccanico esterno<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Forza di reazione al suolo anteriore all&#8217;asse articolare\n<ul>\n<li>Provoca il movimento anteriore del segmento prossimale<\/li>\n<li>Momento di flessione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Forza di reazione al suolo posteriore all&#8217;asse articolare\n<ul>\n<li>Provoca il movimento posteriore del segmento prossimale<\/li>\n<li>Momento di estensione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/Gait_Deviations_Associated_with_Lower_Leg_and_Foot_Pain_Syndromes?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal#Ground_Reaction_Forces\" rel=\"nofollow\">Forze di reazione al suolo<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Si prega di visualizzare questo video che fornisce una panoramica dettagliata delle forze di reazione al suolo durante il passo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y2RHvicAM2o?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Centre_of_Pressure\" class=\"mw-headline\">Centro di pressione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Centre of Pressure\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Centre of Pressure\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Singolo punto nel piede su cui agisce la pressione superficiale <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Questo \u00e8 il punto di partenza delle forze di reazione al suolo<\/li>\n<li>Lo schema a piedi nudi \u00e8 diverso da quello con le scarpe<\/li>\n<li>Schema <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup>:\n<ul>\n<li>Bordo postero-laterale del tallone (inizio della fase di appoggio)<\/li>\n<li>Si muove in modo lineare attraverso la zona del mesopiede (lateralmente alla linea mediana)<\/li>\n<li>Si muove medialmente sulla pianta del piede con una grande concentrazione lungo la rottura metatarsale<\/li>\n<li>Il centro di pressione si sposta verso il secondo e il primo dito del piede durante la fase di appoggio finale<\/li>\n<li class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Gait_Observation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Osservazione del passo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gait Observation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Gait Observation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Osservare la postura in piedi di un individuo prima di valutarne il passo <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a title=\"Postura\" href=\"\/Posture\">Postura<\/a> e <a title=\"Sports Screening: Postural Assessment\" href=\"\/Sports_Screening:_Postural_Assessment\">Valutazione posturale<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Osservare le calzature di un individuo prima di valutarne formalmente il passo <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Per saperne di pi\u00f9: <a title=\"Shoe Analysis - Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe\" href=\"\/Shoe_Analysis_-_Basic_Anatomy_of_a_Running_Shoe\">Analisi della scarpa<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Gait_analysis\" class=\"mw-headline\"><b>Analisi del passo<\/b><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gait analysis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Gait analysis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>L&#8217;analisi di ogni componente delle due fasi della deambulazione \u00e8 una parte essenziale della diagnosi di vari <a title=\"Neurological Disorders\" href=\"\/Neurological_Disorders\">disturbi neurologici<\/a>. \u00c8 inoltre una parte essenziale della valutazione dei progressi del paziente durante la riabilitazione e il recupero dagli effetti di una malattia neurologica, di una lesione muscolo-scheletrica o di un processo patologico o dell&#8217;<a title=\"Amputations\" href=\"\/Amputations\">amputazione<\/a> di un arto inferiore. I clinici e i ricercatori utilizzano diversi parametri qualitativi e quantitativi per analizzare il passo. Una revisione sistematica <sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup> del 2017 ha rilevato che i parametri pi\u00f9 rilevanti per l&#8217;analisi del passo in una popolazione adulta sana sono la velocit\u00e0 di camminata, la cadenza e la lunghezza del passo\/della falcata. Gli autori hanno definito i parametri rilevanti come quelli che aiutano i clinici a identificare le anomalie del passo applicabili in un contesto riabilitativo. Queste variabili possono essere suddivise in due categorie generali <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Variabili di tempo<\/li>\n<li>Variabili di distanza<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Temporal_Variables\" class=\"mw-headline\">Variabili di tempo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Temporal Variables\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Temporal Variables\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica sorgente<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Tempo della falcata<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Il tempo che intercorre tra i contatti iniziali consecutivi dello stesso piede <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Tempo del passo<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Il tempo che intercorre tra il contatto iniziale di un piede e il contatto iniziale del piede controlaterale <sup id=\"cite_ref-Loudon_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Loudon-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_21-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Distance_Variables\" class=\"mw-headline\">Variabili di distanza<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Distance Variables\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Distance Variables\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica sorgente<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Lunghezza<\/b> della <b>falcata<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>La distanza tra i contatti iniziali consecutivi dello stesso piede. La lunghezza media della falcata \u00e8 di 1,44 metri <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_21-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Lunghezza<\/b> del <b>passo<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>La distanza tra il contatto iniziale di un piede e il contatto iniziale del piede controlaterale. La lunghezza normale del passo \u00e8 in media di circa 70 cm <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_21-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Larghezza del passo<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Lo spazio mediolaterale tra i due piedi (la differenza tra il tallone destro e quello sinistro durante il passo).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Loudon_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Loudon-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_21-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup> La larghezza media del passo normale \u00e8 compresa tra 8 e 10 cm.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup> L&#8217;ampiezza del passo diminuisce con l&#8217;aumentare della velocit\u00e0 (camminata, jogging, corsa, sprint)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Other_Variables\" class=\"mw-headline\">Altre variabili<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Other Variables\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Other Variables\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">modifica sorgente<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Cadenza<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Il numero di passi effettuati al minuto (passi\/minuto). Gli adulti sani hanno una media di circa 90-120 passi al minuto per una velocit\u00e0 di camminata confortevole. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_23-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Velocit\u00e0 di camminata<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>La velocit\u00e0 \u00e8 determinata dalla cadenza e dalla lunghezza del passo di una persona, misurata in unit\u00e0 di distanza nel tempo (metri\/secondo). Clinicamente, viene spesso calcolata misurando il tempo necessario per percorrere una determinata distanza, di solito 6 metri o meno. Gli adulti sani selezionano da s\u00e9 una velocit\u00e0 di camminata confortevole di circa 1,34 m\/s in media.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_23-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup> Le velocit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 basse sono correlate a un maggior rischio di mortalit\u00e0 nei <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Older People Introduction\" href=\"\/Older_People_Introduction\">pazienti geriatrici<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup> La normale velocit\u00e0 di camminata coinvolge principalmente gli arti inferiori, mentre le braccia e il tronco forniscono stabilit\u00e0 ed <a title=\"Balance\" href=\"\/Balance\">equilibrio<\/a>. A velocit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 elevate, il corpo dipende dagli arti superiori e dal tronco per la propulsione, l&#8217;equilibrio e la stabilit\u00e0, mentre le articolazioni degli arti inferiori producono un maggiore range di movimento.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Shultz_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Shultz-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Gait_Definitions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Schuna Jr JM, Tudor-Locke C. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/jaee.umin.jp\/REE\/J\/14_2_107.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Step by step: accumulated knowledge and future directions of step-defined ambulatory activity.<\/a> Research in Exercise Epidemiology. 2012 Sep 30;14(2):107-16.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-3\">2.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Pirker W, Katzenschlager R. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5318488\/pdf\/508_2016_Article_1096.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Gait disorders in adults and the elderly.<\/a> Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2017 Feb;129(3):81-95.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Beauchet O, Allali G, Sekhon H, Verghese J, Guilain S, Steinmetz JP, Kressig RW, Barden JM, Szturm T, Launay CP, Grenier S. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5540886\/pdf\/fnhum-11-00353.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Guidelines for assessment of gait and reference values for spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults: the biomathics and Canadian gait consortiums initiative<\/a>. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2017 Aug 3;11:353.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-3\">4.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-4\">4.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-5\">4.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_4-6\">4.6<\/a><\/sup> <\/span><span class=\"reference-text\">Kopelovich, A. Gait Definitions and Gait Cycle. Course, Plus. 2022<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bonnefoy A, Armand S. Normal gait. Orthopedic management of children with cerebral palsy: A comprehensive approach. 2015:567.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Ganley KJ, Powers CM. Gait kinematics and kinetics of 7-year-old children: a comparison to adults using age-specific anthropometric data. Gait &amp; posture. 2005 Feb 1;21(2):141-5.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Iosa M, Fusco A, Morone G, Paolucci S. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00014\/full\" rel=\"nofollow\">Development and decline of upright gait stability<\/a>. 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Aging clinical and experimental research. 2021 Jul;33(7):1853-64.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Mikolajczyk T, Ciobanu I, Badea DI, Iliescu A, Pizzamiglio S, Schauer T, Seel T, Seiciu PL, Turner DL, Berteanu M. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1687814018783627\" rel=\"nofollow\">Advanced technology for gait rehabilitation: An overview.<\/a> Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2018 Jul;10(7):1687814018783627.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:9-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_10-2\">10.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_10-3\">10.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Magee DJ, Manske RC. Orthopedic physical assessment-E-Book. 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