{"id":4815,"date":"2023-02-09T13:12:17","date_gmt":"2023-02-09T13:12:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/diaphragm-anatomy-and-differential-diagnosis-it\/"},"modified":"2023-02-09T14:10:18","modified_gmt":"2023-02-09T14:10:18","slug":"diaphragm-anatomy-and-differential-diagnosis-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/diaphragm-anatomy-and-differential-diagnosis-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Il diaframma: anatomia e diagnosi differenziale"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\"> <b>Redattrice<\/b> &#8211; <a href=\"\/User:Carin_Hunter\" title=\"User:Carin Hunter\">Carin Hunter<\/a>, sulla base del corso di <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/course_tutor\/rina-pandya\/\">Rina Pandya<\/a><br \/>\n<b>Contributori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a href=\"\/User:Carin_Hunter\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Carin Hunter\"><bdi>Carin Hunter<\/bdi><\/a>, <a href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\"><bdi>Wanda van Niekerk<\/bdi><\/a>, <a href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda hampton<\/bdi><\/a>, <a href=\"\/User:Merinda_Rodseth\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Merinda Rodseth\"><bdi>Merinda Rodseth<\/bdi><\/a>, <a href=\"\/User:Tarina_van_der_Stockt\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Tarina van der Stockt\"><br \/>\n  <bdi>Tarina van der Stockt<\/bdi><br \/>\n<\/a> e  <a href=\"\/User:Ewa_Jaraczewska\" class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Ewa Jaraczewska\"><bdi>Ewa Jaraczewska<\/bdi><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input type=\"checkbox\" role=\"button\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display:none\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"toctogglespan\"><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"><\/label><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Anatomy_of_the_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Anatomia del diaframma<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Major_Openings_in_the_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Principali aperture del diaframma<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Nerve_Supply\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Apporto nervoso<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Vascular_Supply\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Apporto vascolare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Fascial_Attachments\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Inserzioni fasciali<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#1._Vertebrae\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">1. Vertebre<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#2._Muscles\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">2. Muscoli<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Aetiology_of_an_Elevated_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Eziologia di un diaframma elevato<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Differential_Diagnosis_for_Elevated_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Diagnosi differenziale per il diaframma elevato<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Aetiology_for_Paralysis_of_the_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Eziologia di una paralisi del diaframma<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Differential_Diagnosis_for_Paralysis_of_the_Diaphragm\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Diagnosi differenziale per la paralisi del diaframma<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Symptoms_of_Diaphragmatic_Weakness\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Sintomi di debolezza diaframmatica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Paradoxical_Breathing\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Respirazione paradossa<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Anatomy_of_the_Diaphragm\">Anatomia del diaframma<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Anatomy of the Diaphragm\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Anatomy of the Diaphragm\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Il diaframma \u00e8 il muscolo principale della respirazione.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c8 un &#8220;foglio fibromuscolare&#8221; a forma di cupola che separa il torace dall&#8217;addome<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Costituisce il pavimento del torace e il tetto dell&#8217;addome<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Il lato sinistro \u00e8 pi\u00f9 basso di quello destro a causa della presenza del fegato a destra<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Il lato sinistro potrebbe anche essere situato parzialmente in posizione inferiore a causa della &#8220;spinta&#8221; proveniente dal <a href=\"\/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Heart\" title=\"Anatomy of the Human Heart\">cuore<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La porzione periferica del diaframma \u00e8 muscolare ed \u00e8 composta da tre gruppi muscolari distinti:\n<ul>\n<li>Il gruppo <a href=\"\/Sternum\" title=\"Sternum\">sternale<\/a> origina dal processo xifoideo<\/li>\n<li>Il gruppo costale origina dalla superficie inferiore delle sei <a href=\"\/Ribs\" title=\"Ribs\">costole<\/a> inferiori<\/li>\n<li>Il gruppo <a href=\"\/Lumbar\" title=\"Lumbar\">lombare<\/a> origina dalle due crura e dai legamenti arcuati, che a loro volta si inseriscono su L1 e L2, e talvolta anche su L3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>La porzione centrale del diaframma \u00e8 costituita da legamenti <a href=\"\/Aponeurosis\" title=\"Aponeurosis\">aponeurotici<\/a> tendinei molto forti, senza alcuna inserzione ossea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Major_Openings_in_the_Diaphragm\">Principali aperture del diaframma<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Major Openings in the Diaphragm\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Major Openings in the Diaphragm\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"\/File:Henry_Vandyke_Carter,_Public_domain,_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Henry_Vandyke_Carter%2C_Public_domain%2C_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png\/300px-Henry_Vandyke_Carter%2C_Public_domain%2C_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"265\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Henry_Vandyke_Carter%2C_Public_domain%2C_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png\/450px-Henry_Vandyke_Carter%2C_Public_domain%2C_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/7\/75\/Henry_Vandyke_Carter%2C_Public_domain%2C_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png 2x\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"\/File:Henry_Vandyke_Carter,_Public_domain,_via_Wikimedia_Commons.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Anatomia del diaframma<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Iato cavale:<\/b> a livello della vertebra T8 nel tendine centrale. Consente il passaggio della <a href=\"\/Vena_Cava\" title=\"Vena Cava\">vena cava<\/a> inferiore e di alcuni rami del <a href=\"\/Phrenic_Nerve\" title=\"Phrenic Nerve\">nervo frenico<\/a> destro.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><b>Iato esofageo:<\/b> a livello di T10. Permette il passaggio dell&#8217;esofago, dei tronchi <a href=\"\/Vagus_Nerve\" title=\"Vagus Nerve\">vagali<\/a> destro e sinistro, dei rami esofagei dei vasi gastrici di sinistra e dei vasi <a href=\"\/Lymphatic_System\" title=\"Lymphatic System\">linfatici<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><b>Iato aortico:<\/b> anteriormente al corpo vertebrale di T12 tra le crura. Permette il passaggio dell&#8217;<a href=\"\/Aorta\" title=\"Aorta\">aorta<\/a>, del dotto toracico e della vena azygos.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Nerve_Supply\">Apporto nervoso<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Nerve Supply\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Nerve Supply\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"\/File:Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/20\/Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png\/300px-Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/20\/Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png\/450px-Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/20\/Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png\/600px-Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png 2x\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"\/File:Cervical_plexus_phrenic_nerve_Primal.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Nervo frenico del plesso cervicale<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Il diaframma \u00e8 innervato dai <a href=\"\/Phrenic_Nerve\" title=\"Phrenic Nerve\">nervi frenici<\/a> destro e sinistro:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup> C3, C4, C5 e talvolta C6. Ogni nervo frenico si divide in quattro tronchi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Apporto di nervi motori:<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>L&#8217;emidiaframma sinistro \u00e8 innervato dal nervo frenico di sinistra.<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;emidiaframma destro \u00e8 innervato dal nervo frenico di destra.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Apporto di nervi sensoriali:<\/b>\n<ol>\n<li>Il nervo frenico innerva la pleura parietale e il peritoneo che ricopre le superfici centrali del diaframma. La periferia del diaframma \u00e8 innervata dai sei nervi intercostali inferiori.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Il nervo frenico \u00e8 costituito da fibre mielinizzate di grande diametro, da fibre mielinizzate di piccolo diametro e da fibre non mielinizzate. Le fibre di grande diametro si attivano quando il diaframma si contrae, mentre le fibre di piccolo diametro si attivano per tutta la respirazione.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>L&#8217;attivazione del nervo frenico modula il flusso motorio <a href=\"\/Sympathetic_Nervous_System\" title=\"Sistema nervoso simpatico\">simpatico<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Le afferenze freniche sono coinvolte anche nella <a href=\"\/Somatosensation\" title=\"Somatosensation\">somatosensazione<\/a> del diaframma e rendono gli individui consapevoli della propria respirazione mentre sono svegli.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Vascular_Supply\">Apporto vascolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Vascular Supply\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Vascular Supply\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Apporto arterioso:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arteria frenica inferiore dall&#8217;aorta addominale <sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Arteria frenica superiore<\/li>\n<li>Arterie pericardiofreniche e muscolofreniche<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Apporto venoso:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vena frenica inferiore<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Fascial_Attachments\">Inserzioni fasciali<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Fascial Attachments\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Fascial Attachments\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"1._Vertebrae\">1. Vertebre<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 1. Vertebrae\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\" title=\"Edit section: 1. Vertebrae\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Arco lombocostale mediale<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Un arco tendineo nella <a href=\"\/Fascia\" title=\"Fascia\">fascia<\/a> che riveste il <a href=\"\/Psoas_Major\" title=\"Psoas Major\">grande psoas<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Medialmente si inserisce sul lato del corpo vertebrale di L1<\/li>\n<li>Lateralmente si inserisce sulla parte anteriore del processo trasverso di L1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Arco lombocostale laterale<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Un arco tendineo nella fascia che ricopre la parte superiore del <a href=\"\/Quadratus_Lumborum\" title=\"Quadratus Lumborum\">quadrato dei lombi<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Medialmente si inserisce sulla parte anteriore del processo trasverso di L1<\/li>\n<li>Lateralmente si inserisce sul bordo inferiore della 12esima costola<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"2._Muscles\">2. Muscoli<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 2. Muscles\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\" title=\"Edit section: 2. Muscles\">fonte di modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Il <a href=\"\/Quadratus_Lumborum\" title=\"Quadratus Lumborum\">quadrato dei lombi<\/a> (QL) si inserisce sulla porzione inferiore della 12a costola. Una parte del diaframma si inserisce sulla parte superiore di questa costola. La fascia \u00e8 continua tra queste inserzioni.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Il muscolo <a href=\"\/Psoas_Major\" title=\"Psoas Major\">psoas<\/a> si trova in un&#8217;area simile a quella del quadrato dei lombi. Si fonde con la fascia all&#8217;estremit\u00e0 prossimale della porzione posteriore del diaframma.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Aetiology_of_an_Elevated_Diaphragm\">Eziologia di un diaframma elevato<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Aetiology of an Elevated Diaphragm\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Aetiology of an Elevated Diaphragm\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Un emidiaframma elevato potrebbe essere dovuto a cause dirette e indirette.<\/p>\n<p>Le cause possono essere raggruppate in tre categorie in base alla loro localizzazione, tra cui:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sopra il diaframma\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"\/Lung_Volumes\" title=\"Lung Volumes\">Volume polmonare<\/a> ridotto<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/Atelectasis\" title=\"Atelettasia\">Atelettasia<\/a>\/collasso<\/li>\n<li>Precedente lobectomia o pneumonectomia<\/li>\n<li>Ipoplasia polmonare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>A livello del diaframma\n<ul>\n<li>Paralisi del nervo frenico<\/li>\n<li>Eventrazione diaframmatica (un posizionamento anomalo del diaframma, situato troppo in alto nel corpo, a causa di problemi ai nervi che innervano il muscolo o al muscolo stesso. Nei casi pi\u00f9 gravi, questo pu\u00f2 comprimere i polmoni e interferire con la respirazione)<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/Stroke\" title=\"Ictus\">Ictus<\/a> controlaterale: di solito distribuzione dell&#8217;arteria cerebrale media (MCA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sotto il diaframma\n<ul>\n<li>Tumore addominale, ad esempio metastasi epatiche o neoplasia primaria<\/li>\n<li>Ascesso subfrenico<\/li>\n<li>Distensione dello stomaco o del colon, compreso il segno\/sindrome di Chilaiditi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Differential_Diagnosis_for_Elevated_Diaphragm\">Diagnosi differenziale per il diaframma elevato<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Differential Diagnosis for Elevated Diaphragm\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Differential Diagnosis for Elevated Diaphragm\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Altre situazioni che possono simulare un emidiaframma elevato sono:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/subpulmonic-effusion?lang=us\">Versamento sottopolmonare<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/diaphragmatic-hernia?lang=us\">Ernia diaframmatica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/diaphragmatic-rupture?lang=us\">Rottura diaframmatica<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Tumore della pleura o del diaframma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Aetiology_for_Paralysis_of_the_Diaphragm\">Eziologia di una paralisi del diaframma<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Aetiology for Paralysis of the Diaphragm\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\" title=\"Edit section: Aetiology for Paralysis of the Diaphragm\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Una paralisi diaframmatica si verifica quando l&#8217;apporto nervoso viene interrotto. Questa interruzione potrebbe verificarsi nel nervo frenico stesso, nel midollo spinale cervicale o nel tronco encefalico. Tuttavia, \u00e8 pi\u00f9 comunemente causata da una lesione del nervo frenico:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Trauma meccanico:<\/b> come un danno nervoso \/ legatura durante l&#8217;intervento chirurgico<\/li>\n<li><b>Compressione:<\/b> dovuta a un tumore nella cavit\u00e0 toracica<\/li>\n<li><b>Miopatie:<\/b> compresa la <a href=\"\/Myasthenia_Gravis\" title=\"Myasthenia Gravis\">miastenia gravis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Neuropatie:<\/b> incluse condizioni come la <a href=\"\/Diabetic_Neuropathy\" title=\"Diabetic Neuropathy\">neuropatia diabetica<\/a>, la <a href=\"\/Myositis_Ossificans\" title=\"Myositis Ossificans\">miosite<\/a> a corpi inclusi, la <a href=\"\/Dermatomyositis\" title=\"Dermatomyositis\">dermatomiosite<\/a>, la <a href=\"\/Multiple_Sclerosis_(MS)\" title=\"Multiple Sclerosis (MS)\">sclerosi multipla<\/a>, la malattia delle cellule della corna anteriori, la malattia demielinizzante cronica e la <a href=\"\/Myopathies\" title=\"Myopathies\">miopatia<\/a> nevralgica.<\/li>\n<li> <b> Infiammazione:<\/b> diverse malattie sistemiche possono provocare un&#8217;infiammazione del nervo frenico\/diaframma, con conseguente paralisi diaframmatica. Esempi includono:\n<ul>\n<li>Infezioni <a href=\"\/Viral_Infections\" title=\"Viral Infections\">virali<\/a> (ad esempio l&#8217;<a href=\"\/Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_(HIV)\" title=\"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\">HIV<\/a>, il virus del Nilo occidentale e il virus della <a href=\"\/Poliomyelitis\" title=\"Poliomyelitis\">poliomielite<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Infezioni <a href=\"\/Bacterial_Infections\" title=\"Bacterial Infections\">batteriche<\/a> (ad esempio la <a href=\"\/Lyme_Disease\" title=\"Lyme Disease\">malattia di Lyme<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/Non-Communicable_Diseases\" title=\"Non-Communicable Diseases\">Cause non infettive<\/a> (ad esempio la <a href=\"\/Sarcoidosis\" title=\"Sarcoidosis\">sarcoidosi<\/a> e l&#8217;<a href=\"\/Amyloidosis\" title=\"Amyloidosis\">amiloidosi<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> <b> Idiopatica:<\/b> circa il 20% dei casi non ha una causa evidente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Differential_Diagnosis_for_Paralysis_of_the_Diaphragm\">Diagnosi differenziale per la paralisi del diaframma<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Differential Diagnosis for Paralysis of the Diaphragm\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\" title=\"Edit section: Differential Diagnosis for Paralysis of the Diaphragm\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ipoventilazione <a href=\"\/Alveoli\" title=\"Alveoli\">alveolare<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Malattia delle cellule delle corna anteriori o della giunzione neuromuscolare<\/li>\n<li>Emorragia cerebrale<\/li>\n<li>Frattura cervicale<\/li>\n<li>Compliance polmonare ridotta<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/Guillain-Barre_Syndrome\" title=\"Guillain-Barre Syndrome\">Sindrome di Guillain-Barre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/Myasthenia_Gravis\" title=\"Myasthenia Gravis\">Miastenia gravis<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Neuropatie periferiche<\/li>\n<li>Aderenze pleuriche<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Symptoms_of_Diaphragmatic_Weakness\">Sintomi di debolezza diaframmatica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Symptoms of Diaphragmatic Weakness\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\" title=\"Edit section: Symptoms of Diaphragmatic Weakness\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Debolezza unilaterale:<\/b> Spesso asintomatica e rilevata incidentalmente. I pazienti mostrano limitazioni nella capacit\u00e0 di fare esercizio, livelli di saturazione dell&#8217;ossigeno pi\u00f9 bassi:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Un terzo dei pazienti lamenta dispnea da sforzo<\/li>\n<li>Dispnea a riposo con co-morbilit\u00e0 come condizioni cardiopolmonari<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Debolezza bilaterale:<\/b> da dispnea con uno sforzo lieve a dispnea a riposo:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Ulteriore compromissione \u2192 ortopnea<\/li>\n<li>Ipoventilazione progressiva \u2192 ipercapnia e insufficienza cardiaca destra. Peggiore durante il sonno.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Paradoxical_Breathing\">Respirazione paradossa<\/span> <span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Paradoxical Breathing\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Paradoxical Breathing\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:402px;\"><a href=\"\/File:Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg\/400px-Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg\/600px-Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg\/800px-Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg 2x\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"\/File:Paradoxical_Breathing_Image_-_recreated_with_labels.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Respirazione paradossa<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>La paralisi del diaframma provoca un &#8220;movimento paradosso&#8221;. Il lato interessato si muove verso l&#8217;alto durante l&#8217;inspirazione e verso il basso durante l&#8217;espirazione.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La paralisi diaframmatica unilaterale \u00e8 spesso asintomatica e viene spesso riscontrata incidentalmente alla radiografia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La paralisi bilaterale pu\u00f2 comportare una scarsa tolleranza all&#8217;esercizio fisico, ortopnea e affaticamento. Si riscontrer\u00e0 anche un deficit restrittivo nei test di funzionalit\u00e0 polmonare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8TnrNrrEjuE?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\" class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a href=\"\/index.php?title=Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Fayssoil A, Behin A, Ogna A, Mompoint D, Amthor H, Clair B, Laforet P, Mansart A, Prigent H, Orlikowski D, Stojkovic T, Vinit S, Carlier R, Eymard B, Lofaso F, Annane D. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/articles\/journal-of-neuromuscular-diseases\/jnd170276\">Diaphragm: Pathophysiology and Ultrasound Imaging in Neuromuscular Disorders.<\/a> J Neuromuscul Dis. 2018;5(1):1-10<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-0\">2.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-1\">2.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-2\">2.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-3\">2.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-4\">2.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-5\">2.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-6\">2.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-7\">2.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-8\">2.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-9\">2.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-10\">2.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-11\">2.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_2-12\">2.12<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bains KN, Kashyap S, Lappin SL. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519558\/\">Anatomy, Thorax, Diaphragm.<\/a> StatPearls (Internet). 2020 Aug 15.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kurian J. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31989-2_6\">Chest Wall and Diaphragm<\/a>. InPediatric Body MRI 2020 (pp. 159-192). Springer, Cham.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bordoni B, Purgol S, Bizzarri A, Modica M, Morabito B. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6070065\/\">The influence of breathing on the central nervous system.<\/a> Cureus. 2018 Jun;10(6).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Oliver KA, Ashurst JV. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30020697\/\">Anatomy, Thorax, Phrenic Nerves.<\/a> InStatPearls (Internet) 2020 Jul 27. StatPearls Publishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-3\">6.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-4\">6.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kokatnur L, Vashisht R, Rudrappa M. Diaphragm Disorders. (Updated 2021 Aug 9). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470172\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470172\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-2\">7.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Patel PR, Bechmann S. Elevated Hemidiaphragm. (Updated 2021 Aug 9). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559255\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559255\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nair J, Streeter KA, Turner SM, Sunshine MD, Bolser DC, Fox EJ, Davenport PW, Fuller DD. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/full\/10.1152\/jn.00484.2017\">Anatomy and physiology of phrenic afferent neurons.<\/a> Journal of neurophysiology. 2017 Dec 1;118(6):2975-90.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Whitley A, K\u0159e\u010dek J, Kachlik D. The inferior phrenic arteries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger. 2021 May 1;235:151679.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-0\">10.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-1\">10.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-2\">10.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Pandya R. Diaphragm Anatomy and Differential Diagnosis Course. Plus , 2021.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Columbia Surgery Diaphragm Eventration Available:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/columbiasurgery.org\/conditions-and-treatments\/diaphragm-eventration\">https:\/\/columbiasurgery.org\/conditions-and-treatments\/diaphragm-eventration<\/a> (accessed 9.5.2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_12-2\">12.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_12-3\">12.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">TeachMe Anatomy. The diaphragm. Available from: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/teachmeanatomy.info\/thorax\/muscles\/diaphragm\/\">https:\/\/teachmeanatomy.info\/thorax\/muscles\/diaphragm\/<\/a> (accessed 30 November 2021).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Rizeq YK, Many BT, Vacek JC, Reiter AJ, Raval MV, Abdullah F, Goldstein SD. Diaphragmatic paralysis after phrenic nerve injury in newborns. Journal of pediatric surgery. 2020 Feb 1;55(2):240-4.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20230128200449 Cache expiry: 0 Dynamic content: true Complications: () CPU time usage: 0.102 seconds Real time usage: 0.110 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 361\/1000000 Post\u2010expand include size: 97\/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3\/40 Expensive parser function count: 0\/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0\/20 Unstrip post\u2010expand size: 10603\/5000000 bytes --><br \/>\n<!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 19.031 1 Special:Contributors\/Diaphragm_Anatomy_and_Differential_Diagnosis 100.00% 19.031 1 -total --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redattrice &#8211; Carin Hunter, sulla base del corso di Rina Pandya Contributori principali &#8211; Carin Hunter, Jess Bell, Kim Jackson, Wanda van Niekerk, Lucinda hampton, Merinda Rodseth, Tarina van der Stockt e Ewa Jaraczewska Contenuti 1 Anatomia del diaframma 2 Principali aperture del diaframma 3 Apporto nervoso 4 Apporto vascolare 5 Inserzioni fasciali 5.1 1. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4815","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4815"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4816,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4815\/revisions\/4816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}