{"id":4432,"date":"2023-01-09T00:48:46","date_gmt":"2023-01-09T00:48:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/foot-and-ankle-assessment-it\/"},"modified":"2026-02-02T16:43:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T16:43:35","slug":"foot-and-ankle-assessment-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/foot-and-ankle-assessment-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Valutazione del piede e della caviglia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Redazione originale &#8211; <\/b> <a title=\"User:Ewa Jaraczewska\" href=\"\/User:Ewa_Jaraczewska\">Ewa Jaraczewska<\/a> sulla base del corso presentato da <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/course_tutor\/helene-simpson\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Helene Simpson<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Collaboratori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Ewa Jaraczewska\" href=\"\/User:Ewa_Jaraczewska\"><bdi>Ewa Jaraczewska<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\" href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda hampton<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Aminat Abolade\" href=\"\/User:Aminat_Abolade\"><bdi>Aminat Abolade<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Nupur Smit Shah\" href=\"\/User:Nupur_Smit_Shah\"><bdi>Nupur Smit Shah<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink\" title=\"Speciale:Contributi\/Robin Leigh Tacchetti\" href=\"\/Special:Contributions\/Robin_Leigh_Tacchetti\"><bdi>Robin Leigh Tacchetti<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Robin Tacchetti\" href=\"\/User:Robin_Tacchetti\"><bdi>Robin Tacchetti<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Assessment_Goal\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Obiettivo della valutazione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Subjective\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Esame soggettivo<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Patient_Intake\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Anamnesi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Special_Questions\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Domande speciali<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Objective\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Esame obiettivo<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Observation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Osservazione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Functional_Tests\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Test funzionali<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Balance_Assessment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Valutazione dell&#8217;equilibrio<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Palpation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Palpazione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Neurologic_Assessment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Valutazione neurologica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Vascular_Assessment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Valutazione vascolare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Movement_Testing\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Test del movimento<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Biomechanical_Evaluation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Valutazione biomeccanica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Additional_Testing\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Test aggiuntivi<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Patient-Reported_Outcomes_(PROs)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Outcome riferiti dai pazienti (PRO)<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System_Pain_Interference_(PROMIS_PI)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference (PROMIS PI)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#Visual_Analogue_Scale_(VAS)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#Foot_and_Ankle_Ability_Measure_(FAAM)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"#Conclusion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Conclusione<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"#What%E2%86%92_so_what%E2%86%92_now_what\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cosa\u2192 quindi cosa\u2192 ora cosa<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"#Virtual_Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Valutazione virtuale di piede e caviglia<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"#Pre-Visit\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Prima della visita<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"#Virtual_Assessment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Valutazione virtuale<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"#Resources\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Risorse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-25\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Assessment_Goal\" class=\"mw-headline\">Obiettivo della valutazione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Assessment Goal\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Assessment Goal\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a class=\"image\" title=\"Caviglia\" href=\"\/File:Ankle_image.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/47\/Ankle_image.jpeg\/166px-Ankle_image.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/47\/Ankle_image.jpeg\/250px-Ankle_image.jpeg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/47\/Ankle_image.jpeg\/333px-Ankle_image.jpeg 2x\" alt=\"Caviglia\" width=\"166\" height=\"250\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"2880\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>L&#8217;obiettivo della valutazione \u00e8 quello di:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Determinare l&#8217;entit\u00e0 della lesione<\/li>\n<li>Identificare cosa \u00e8 stato danneggiato<\/li>\n<li>Stabilire una struttura che possa essere negoziata con il paziente riguardo:\n<ul>\n<li>Tempistica<\/li>\n<li>Ulteriori rinvii<\/li>\n<li>Piano di trattamento<\/li>\n<li>Strategia di trattamento<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Subjective\" class=\"mw-headline\">Soggettivo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Subjective\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Subjective\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Patient_Intake\" class=\"mw-headline\">Anamnesi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Patient Intake\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Patient Intake\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La raccolta di informazioni durante l&#8217;anamnesi fornisce al professionista clinico indizi sulla probabile struttura interessata, guidando ulteriormente l&#8217;esame fisico. Ad esempio, il meccanismo della lesione \u00e8 importante perch\u00e9 fornisce informazioni su quali forze hanno attraversato la struttura e in quale direzione. Questo fornir\u00e0 ulteriori informazioni su quali tessuti e\/o strutture sono probabilmente stirati o danneggiati.<\/p>\n<p><i>Esempio<\/i>: una forza in valgo potrebbe indicare una distorsione del <a title=\"Legamento\" href=\"\/Ligament\">legamento<\/a> deltoideo, mentre una forza in varo potrebbe suggerire una lesione del legamento talofibulare anteriore (ATFL) e\/o del legamento calcaneofibulare (CFL).<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;anamnesi del paziente dovrebbe includere domande relative a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Il momento dell&#8217;infortunio (acuto o subacuto o cronico)<\/li>\n<li>Il meccanismo della lesione e le forze coinvolte nell&#8217;infortunio (posizione allentata o bloccata)<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;attivit\u00e0 che ha portato all&#8217;infortunio (un evento sportivo o un&#8217;attivit\u00e0 ricreativa o un&#8217;<a title=\"Activities of Daily Living\" href=\"\/Activities_of_Daily_Living\">attivit\u00e0 della vita quotidiana<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Fattori contribuenti (scarpe, terreno, storia medica, farmaci, salute generale)<\/li>\n<li>Storico degli allenamenti<\/li>\n<li>Trattamenti precedenti (successi e fallimenti)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I risultati del colloquio dovrebbero aiutare a stabilire i fattori di rischio e le precauzioni durante la valutazione oggettiva.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Al termine del colloquio con il paziente, il fisioterapista deve avere una buona idea di ci\u00f2 che deve essere esaminato oggettivamente. In seguito, il professionista clinico deve stabilire se i risultati della valutazione corrispondono ai segni e ai sintomi soggettivi riferiti dal paziente&#8221;. <i>Helene Simpson<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span id=\"Special_Questions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Domande speciali<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Special Questions\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Special Questions\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le <a title=\"The Flag System\" href=\"\/The_Flag_System\">bandiere<\/a> rosse sono segni e sintomi riscontrati nell&#8217;anamnesi e nell&#8217;esame clinico del paziente che potrebbero essere suggestivi di una patologia grave. Se si sospetta una patologia grave, \u00e8 opportuno rinviare immediatamente a un medico e il fisioterapista dovrebbe annotare le proprie preoccupazioni.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"The Flag System\" href=\"\/The_Flag_System\">Bandiere rosse<\/a> specifiche per la valutazione del piede e della caviglia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incapacit\u00e0 di sostenere il peso del corpo: escludere la frattura (<a title=\"Ottawa Ankle Rules\" href=\"\/Ottawa_Ankle_Rules\">Regole di Ottawa<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Formicolio o intorpidimento bilaterale agli arti inferiori<\/li>\n<li>Disfunzione intestinale e vescicale (ossia il paziente non \u00e8 in grado di sentire lo stimolo ad andare in bagno)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Incontinenza urinaria\" href=\"\/Urinary_Incontinence\">Incontinenza urinaria<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Parestesia nella regione inguinale<\/li>\n<li>Perdita di polsi nella parte inferiore della gamba (compromissione vascolare)<\/li>\n<li>Deformit\u00e0 evidente<\/li>\n<li>Lussazione dell&#8217;articolazione<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Segno di Babinski\" href=\"\/Babinski_Sign\">Segno di Babinski<\/a> positivo<\/li>\n<li>Impossibilit\u00e0 di sollevare il polpaccio: escludere la rottura <a title=\"Tendine d'Achille\" href=\"\/Achilles_Tendon\">del tendine d&#8217;Achille<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a title=\"The Flag System\" href=\"\/The_Flag_System\">Bandiere gialle<\/a> specifiche per la valutazione di piede e caviglia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La gravit\u00e0 dei sintomi non corrisponde alle informazioni soggettive \u2192 ulteriori test<\/li>\n<li>Dolore che impedisce la valutazione oggettiva \u2192 valutazione dettagliata ritardata<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Objective\" class=\"mw-headline\">Obiettivo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Objective\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Objective\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Observation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Osservazione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Observation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Observation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Osservazione\n<ul>\n<li>Eseguire con il paziente in posizione supina, seduta o in piedi<\/li>\n<li>Osservare l&#8217;eventuale presenza di gonfiore<\/li>\n<li>Valutare il colore della <a title=\"Pelle\" href=\"\/Skin\">pelle<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Controllare la temperatura della pelle<\/li>\n<li>Osservare eventuali segni di deperimento muscolare<\/li>\n<li>Notare le deformit\u00e0 del piede e delle dita: alluce valgo, dita a martello, dita ad artiglio, calli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Valutazione della postura\n<ul>\n<li>Se il paziente \u00e8 in grado di stare in piedi bisogna: osservarlo in appoggio e valutare la distribuzione del <a title=\"Sostegno del peso\" href=\"\/Weight_bearing\">peso corporeo<\/a>; prestare attenzione alle <a title=\"Arches of the Foot\" href=\"\/Arches_of_the_Foot\">arcate dei piedi<\/a>; osservare la deambulazione con o senza <a title=\"Assistive Devices\" href=\"\/Assistive_Devices\">ausilio<\/a>: osservare la presenza di deformit\u00e0 della schiena: <a title=\"Scoliosi\" href=\"\/Scoliosis\">scoliosi<\/a>, <a title=\"Low Back Pain Related to Hyperlordosis\" href=\"\/Low_Back_Pain_Related_to_Hyperlordosis\">lordosi<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Kyphosis\" href=\"\/Kyphosis\">cifosi<\/a>; osservare la patologia del passo, ad esempio il <a title=\"Andatura di Trendelenburg\" href=\"\/Trendelenburg_Gait\">Trendelenburg<\/a>; notare eventuali cambiamenti nell&#8217;allineamento della parte inferiore della gamba: ginocchio valgo o varo, pronazione o supinazione del piede; osservare il <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gait Cycle\" href=\"\/Gait_Cycle\">ciclo del passo<\/a>: contatto del tallone, distacco della punta.<\/li>\n<li>Se il paziente non \u00e8 in grado di stare in piedi bisogna: osservarlo in posizione seduta, con i piedi appoggiati sul pavimento, valutare la distribuzione del peso corporeo e la capacit\u00e0 del paziente di sostenere un carico mentre si prepara per una transizione dalla posizione seduta alla posizione eretta in piedi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QnX5J-j79qQ?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg\/300px-Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg\/450px-Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg\/600px-Helene_Simpson_-_Squeeze_Test.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\" data-file-width=\"861\" data-file-height=\"432\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Squeeze test<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 252px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/26\/Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg\/250px-Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/26\/Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg\/375px-Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/26\/Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg\/500px-Helene_Simpson_-_External_Rotation_Test.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"154\" data-file-width=\"801\" data-file-height=\"492\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Test di rotazione esterna<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg\/300px-Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg\/450px-Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg\/600px-Helene_Simpson_-_Anterior_Drawer_Test.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"125\" data-file-width=\"888\" data-file-height=\"371\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Test del cassetto anteriore<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Functional_Tests\" class=\"mw-headline\">Test funzionali<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Functional Tests\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Functional Tests\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica sorgente<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La scelta dei test funzionali si basa sui segni e i sintomi del paziente e sull&#8217;elenco iniziale di patologie sospettate dal fisioterapista. Potrebbero includere:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sit to stand (dalla stazione seduta a quella eretta in piedi)<\/li>\n<li>Squat: definisce l&#8217;integrit\u00e0 dell&#8217;articolazione della sindesmosi<\/li>\n<li>Squat profondo<\/li>\n<li>Posizione tandem<\/li>\n<li>Posizione di affondo<\/li>\n<li>Passo avanti e indietro: trasferimento del peso<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Single Leg Stance Test\" href=\"\/Single_Leg_Stance_Test\">Appoggio monopodalico<\/a>: valutare il controllo posturale e dell&#8217;equilibrio<\/li>\n<li>Step-up<\/li>\n<li>Step down + step overs<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Knee to Wall Test\" href=\"\/Knee_to_Wall_Test\">Knee-to-wall test<\/a>: ginocchio esteso potrebbe riferirsi maggiormente al range in flessione dorsale nella deambulazione: aiuta a valutare il range di movimento in flessione dorsale della caviglia<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Squeeze Test\" href=\"\/Squeeze_Test\">Squeeze test<\/a>: aiuta a diagnosticare la distorsione della sindesmosi della caviglia<\/li>\n<li>Test di rotazione esterna: valuta l&#8217;integrit\u00e0 dei legamenti della sindesmosi<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Anterior Drawer of the Ankle\" href=\"\/Anterior_Drawer_of_the_Ankle\">Test del cassetto anteriore<\/a>: definisce l&#8217;instabilit\u00e0 meccanica della caviglia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per gli atleti di performance ad alto livello, i test aggiuntivi potrebbero includere un salto o un saltello.<\/p>\n<p>Ulteriori dettagli sono disponibili alla pagina <a title=\"Valutazione del piede e della caviglia - Indagini e test\" href=\"\/Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment-Investigations_and_Tests\">Valutazione del piede e della caviglia &#8211; Indagini e test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Balance_Assessment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Valutazione dell&#8217;equilibrio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Balance Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Balance Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>I risultati della valutazione dell&#8217;<a title=\"Equilibrio\" href=\"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/equilibrio\/\">equilibrio<\/a> nella lesione del piede e della caviglia aiutano a sviluppare un programma di riabilitazione sensoriale mirato che stimola i recettori sensoriali.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup> Di seguito sono riportati alcuni esempi di test dell&#8217;equilibrio:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Controllo posturale statico:\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Balance Error Scoring System\" href=\"\/Balance_Error_Scoring_System\">Balance Error Scoring System<\/a> (BESS)<\/li>\n<li>Test di equilibrio dell&#8217;aeroplano<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WysXgJNVOnk?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Controllo posturale dinamico\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Star Excursion Balance Test\" href=\"\/Star_Excursion_Balance_Test\">Star Excursion Balance Test<\/a> (SEBT)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Palpation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Palpazione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Palpation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Palpation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La palpazione pu\u00f2 essere eseguita in posizione supina, prona o seduta. Il professionista clinico verifica la presenza di eventuali punti dolenti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sulla parte mediale, laterale, posteriore e anteriore della parte inferiore della gamba e intorno al <a title=\"Calcagno\" href=\"\/Calcaneus\">calcagno<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Lungo le linee articolari<\/li>\n<li>In corrispondenza delle inserzioni dei legamenti mediali e laterali<\/li>\n<li>In corrispondenza del tendine <a title=\"Achilles Tendinopathy\" href=\"\/Achilles_Tendinopathy\">d&#8217;Achille<\/a>, dei <a title=\"Peroneal Tendinopathy\" href=\"\/Peroneal_Tendinopathy\">peronei<\/a> e di altri muscoli estrinseci<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/sbwgH7FtZ-U?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Neurologic_Assessment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Valutazione neurologica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Neurologic Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Neurologic Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La <a title=\"Neurological Assessment\" href=\"\/Neurological_Assessment\"> valutazione neurologica<\/a> pu\u00f2 aiutare il professionista clinico a identificare una potenziale eziologia neurologica per la patologia della caviglia o del piede osservata. Comprende la <a title=\"Neuropathies\" href=\"\/Neuropathies\">neuropatia<\/a> periferica o la compromissione del <a title=\"Introduction to Neuroanatomy\" href=\"\/Introduction_to_Neuroanatomy\">sistema nervoso centrale<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;esame neurologico completo dovrebbe comprendere:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ispezione<\/li>\n<li>Test dei <a title=\"Reflexes\" href=\"\/Reflexes\">riflessi<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li>Tendine d&#8217;Achille (S1)<\/li>\n<li>Legamento rotuleo (L3\/L4)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Valutazione del <a title=\"Spasticit\u00e0\" href=\"\/Spasticity\">tono muscolare<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Test sensoriali (<a title=\"Propriocezione\" href=\"\/Proprioception\">propriocezione<\/a>, <a title=\"Sensibilit\u00e0\" href=\"\/Sensation\">tatto leggero<\/a>, dolore acuto\/sordo)<\/li>\n<li>Risposta plantare (nota anche come risposta di <a title=\"Segno di Babinski\" href=\"\/Babinski_Sign\">Babinski<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Clonus of the Ankle Test\" href=\"\/Clonus_of_the_Ankle_Test\">Clono<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Questo video illustra l&#8217;anatomia dei dermatomi degli arti inferiori. I test sensoriali devono essere eseguiti quando si sospetta una patologia o un dolore riferito dalla colonna vertebrale lombare:<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jpcuPz9y7f4?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Vascular_Assessment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Valutazione vascolare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Vascular Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Vascular Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Se si sospetta una circolazione compromessa, il clinico dovrebbe palpare per valutare le pulsazioni dell&#8217;<a title=\"Dorsalis Pedis Artery\" href=\"\/Dorsalis_Pedis_Artery\">arteria dorsale del piede<\/a>. Lo stato del sistema vascolare pu\u00f2 essere valutato anche dalla risposta dei sintomi a posizioni di dipendenza e di elevazione degli arti inferiori.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nhmBL3N_igg?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Movement_Testing\" class=\"mw-headline\">Test del movimento<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Movement Testing\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Movement Testing\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Quando si valuta il <b><a title=\"Range di movimento\" href=\"\/Range_of_Motion\">range di movimento<\/a> attivo<\/b> (AROM) e il <b>range di movimento passivo<\/b> (PROM) di caviglia e piede, tutte le posizioni del test devono essere confortevoli per il paziente. Ad esempio, la flessione dorsale e la flessione plantare della caviglia vengono valutate quando il paziente \u00e8 prono. Se il paziente non riesce a raggiungere la posizione desiderata, il professionista clinico pu\u00f2 modificare la posizione e documentarla per i test futuri. Quando viene esclusa la presenza di una frattura della caviglia ma il paziente non pu\u00f2 partecipare completamente alla valutazione del range di movimento a causa del dolore, la soluzione migliore \u00e8 immobilizzare l&#8217;articolazione della caviglia e rimandare l&#8217;esame di qualche giorno finch\u00e9 il dolore non si attenua.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Di seguito sono riportati i test del range di movimento di base nelle lesioni del piede e della caviglia:\n<ul>\n<li>Flessione plantare\/flessione dorsale<\/li>\n<li>Estensione\/flessione delle dita<\/li>\n<li>Pronazione\/supinazione<\/li>\n<li>Estensione\/flessione dell&#8217;alluce<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Questo video mostra una valutazione completa del ROM del piede e della caviglia:<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XkZp15vYNT0?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Mobilit\u00e0 articolare<\/b>: testare ogni singola articolazione con uno glide e confrontarla con il lato controlaterale e con i valori normali<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Questi video mostrano valutazioni specifiche della mobilit\u00e0 articolare:<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VN55vtFJOgc?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_cRTUWlX-Tk?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qv62Qhn7DN8?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tH5gZ3My5Q0?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"text-right\"><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Forza muscolare<\/b>: Test muscolari attivi specifici (isometrici e per tutto il range): <a title=\"Gastrocnemio\" href=\"\/Gastrocnemius\">Gastrocnemio<\/a>, <a title=\"Soleo\" href=\"\/Soleus\">soleo<\/a>, <a title=\"Tibialis Posterior\" href=\"\/Tibialis_Posterior\">tibiale posteriore<\/a>, <a title=\"Tibiale anteriore\" href=\"\/Tibialis_Anterior\">tibiale anteriore<\/a>, <a title=\"Estensore Hallucis Longus\" href=\"\/Extensor_Hallucis_Longus\">estensore lungo dell&#8217;alluce<\/a> e <a title=\"Extensor Hallucis Brevis\" href=\"\/Extensor_Hallucis_Brevis\">estensore breve dell&#8217;alluce<\/a>\/<a title=\"Flexor Hallucis Brevis\" href=\"\/Flexor_Hallucis_Brevis\">flessore breve dell&#8217;alluce<\/a>, intrinseci. La forza delle dita pu\u00f2 essere valutata utilizzando il Paper Pullout test. <sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Questo video mostra il test muscolare manuale degli arti inferiori:<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_DK0KupWCyc?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Biomechanical_Evaluation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Valutazione biomeccanica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Biomechanical Evaluation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Biomechanical Evaluation\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Esistono differenze biomeccaniche significative tra individui con piedi normali, piedi piatti e archi alti.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup> Una valutazione del piede pu\u00f2 essere utilizzata per classificare il tipo di piede e per identificare i possibili fattori eziologici legati agli infortuni, al fine di prescrivere correttamente gli interventi terapeutici.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>I dettagli sono disponibili alla pagina <a title=\"Biomechanical Assessment of Foot and Ankle\" href=\"\/Biomechanical_Assessment_of_Foot_and_Ankle\">Valutazione biomeccanica del piede e della caviglia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Additional_Testing\" class=\"mw-headline\">Test aggiuntivi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Additional Testing\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Additional Testing\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica sorgente<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Patient-Reported_Outcomes_.28PROs.29\"><\/span><span id=\"Patient-Reported_Outcomes_(PROs)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Outcome riferiti dai pazienti (PROs)<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Le <a title=\"Outcome Measures\" href=\"\/Outcome_Measures\">misure di outcome<\/a> riferite dai pazienti consentono ai clinici di dare priorit\u00e0 agli outcome pi\u00f9 importanti per i pazienti. Nella valutazione del piede e della caviglia, \u00e8 stato stabilito che la performance fisica e l&#8217;interferenza del dolore erano in cima alle priorit\u00e0 dei pazienti nel valutare la loro soddisfazione per il trattamento.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 402px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:PROMIS_PI.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9d\/PROMIS_PI.png\/400px-PROMIS_PI.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9d\/PROMIS_PI.png\/600px-PROMIS_PI.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9d\/PROMIS_PI.png\/800px-PROMIS_PI.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"582\" data-file-width=\"1238\" data-file-height=\"1800\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Misura di outcome riferito dal paziente: Interferenza del dolore<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span id=\"Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System_Pain_Interference_.28PROMIS_PI.29\"><\/span><span id=\"Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System_Pain_Interference_(PROMIS_PI)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference (PROMIS PI)<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference (PROMIS PI)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference (PROMIS PI)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Un PRO \u00e8 il Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), che raccoglie informazioni da pi\u00f9 domini per valutare gli outcome riferiti dai pazienti. Il dolore e la funzione sono due domini misurati da <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sralab.org\/rehabilitation-measures\/promis-pain-interference\" rel=\"nofollow\">PROMIS PI<\/a>, una misura di outcome riferita dal paziente che definisce la soddisfazione dei pazienti per il trattamento del piede e della caviglia in risposta al miglioramento di questi due domini. PROMIS PI rileva il dolore a livelli pi\u00f9 bassi rispetto alla scala analogica visiva (Visual Analogue Scale), una scala del dolore standard riferita dal paziente.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Visual_Analogue_Scale_.28VAS.29\"><\/span><span id=\"Visual_Analogue_Scale_(VAS)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>La <a title=\"Visual Analogue Scale\" href=\"\/Visual_Analogue_Scale\">scala analogica visiva<\/a> (VAS) \u00e8 una scala generica del dolore riferita dal paziente che viene utilizzata per valutare esclusivamente la percezione del dolore da parte del paziente.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup> La scala potrebbe non essere affidabile nella valutazione della popolazione anziana che presenta lievi deficit cognitivi o che mostra difficolt\u00e0 nel comprendere le istruzioni della VAS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Foot_and_Ankle_Ability_Measure_.28FAAM.29\"><\/span><span id=\"Foot_and_Ankle_Ability_Measure_(FAAM)\" class=\"mw-headline\">Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Il Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) \u00e8 uno strumento autoriferito sviluppato per valutare la funzione fisica di individui con disabilit\u00e0 legate al piede e alla caviglia. Questo strumento di autovalutazione \u00e8 stato adattato in 12 lingue.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup> Il Foot and Ankle Ability Measure \u00e8 un questionario di 29 item suddiviso in due sottoscale: il Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-links.lww.com\/permalink\/jg9\/a\/jg9_2021_10_25_shah_21-00103_sdc2.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">21 item Activities of Daily Living Subscale<\/a> e il Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-links.lww.com\/permalink\/jg9\/a\/jg9_2021_10_25_shah_21-00103_sdc2.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">8 item Sports Subscale<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Informazioni dettagliate sono disponibili alla pagina <a title=\"Foot and Ankle Ability Measure\" href=\"\/Foot_and_Ankle_Ability_Measure\">Foot and Ankle Ability Measure<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Conclusion\" class=\"mw-headline\">Conclusione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Conclusion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Conclusion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"What.E2.86.92_so_what.E2.86.92_now_what\"><\/span><span id=\"What\u2192_so_what\u2192_now_what\" class=\"mw-headline\">Cosa\u2192 quindi cosa\u2192 ora cosa<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: What\u2192 so what\u2192 now what\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: What\u2192 so what\u2192 now what\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Al termine della valutazione, il clinico dovrebbe tornare all&#8217;elenco iniziale dei potenziali problemi\/sospetti diagnostici e scegliere le tre diagnosi pi\u00f9 probabili.<\/p>\n<p>La valutazione del piede e della caviglia \u00e8 completata quando il clinico \u00e8 in grado di fornire una risposta alle seguenti domande:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Che cosa \u00e8 successo?<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Quali sono state le conseguenze dell&#8217;incidente?<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Come verranno trattate le conseguenze dell&#8217;incidente?<\/i>\n<ul>\n<li>Qual \u00e8 il piano di trattamento?<\/li>\n<li>Qual \u00e8 la strategia di trattamento?<\/li>\n<li>Quali sono gli obiettivi a breve e a lungo termine?<\/li>\n<li>Qual \u00e8 la tempistica per il raggiungimento dell&#8217;obiettivo?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"floatright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Telehealth_icon.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/c\/c0\/Telehealth_icon.png\" alt=\"Telehealth icon.png\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" data-file-width=\"200\" data-file-height=\"200\"><\/a><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Virtual_Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Valutazione virtuale di piede e caviglia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Virtual Foot and Ankle Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Virtual Foot and Ankle Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>La telesalute \u00e8 un&#8217;alternativa consolidata alle visite di persona come risposta alla pandemia da COVID e non solo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup> Lo sviluppo di strumenti di valutazione oggettivi per la telesalute \u00e8 una priorit\u00e0 per dimostrare l&#8217;outcome dei trattamenti forniti tramite telesalute.<\/p>\n<p>Sono state sviluppate e testate valutazioni virtuali per la patologia del piede e della caviglia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup> Di seguito sono riportate le linee guida per l&#8217;esame virtuale.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Pre-Visit\" class=\"mw-headline\">Prima della visita<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Pre-Visit\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Pre-Visit\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Prima della visita virtuale, il paziente dovrebbe ricevere un modulo pre-visita e delle informazioni sulle aspettative del guardaroba e sull&#8217;impostazione della telecamera durante l&#8217;esaminazione. Il modulo di pre-visita deve essere compilato dal paziente o da chi lo assiste e consiste in domande relative a:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_24-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Principali disturbi del paziente e motivo della visita<\/li>\n<li>Storia medica e chirurgica passata e presente del paziente<\/li>\n<li>Farmaci e allergie<\/li>\n<li>Storia sociale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ulteriori informazioni potrebbero includere dati biometrici (altezza e peso) e segni vitali (FC, pressione sanguigna, temperatura corporea).<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Virtual_Assessment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Valutazione virtuale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Virtual Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Virtual Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23\">modifica sorgente<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>L&#8217;esame del piede e della caviglia comprende:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ispezione\n<ul>\n<li>Paziente in piedi e seduto<\/li>\n<li>Telecamera impostata per fornire una visione frontale, laterale e posteriore del piede e della caviglia<\/li>\n<li>Gli elementi da ispezionare sono i seguenti: allineamento, atrofia muscolare, deformit\u00e0 articolare, incisioni, cicatrici, irritazioni, gonfiore, ecchimosi, eritema. Inoltre, l&#8217;aspetto plantare del piede deve essere esaminato per verificare la presenza di ulcere, abrasioni e rotture della pelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Palpazione\n<ul>\n<li>Il paziente indica con un dito l&#8217;area di massimo dolore o fastidio.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Test del range di movimento\n<ul>\n<li>Usa un goniometro basato sul web<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Eseguire in modo attivo (forza muscolare del paziente stesso) e passivo (un familiare manipola l&#8217;articolazione)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Test di forza\n<ul>\n<li>Assistito dal familiare<\/li>\n<li>Esame eseguito contemporaneamente su entrambi i lati e segnalazione delle differenze<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Valutazione funzionale\n<ul>\n<li>Osservazione del passo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Valutazione neurovascolare\n<ul>\n<li>Il paziente tocca la pelle su entrambi i lati e segnala le differenze, ma il feedback sensoriale delle dita del paziente stesso che toccano la pelle \u00e8 una limitazione.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Se si sospetta una patologia, si possono fare ulteriori test per il piede piatto, il piede cavo\/varo, l&#8217;alluce rigido e la rottura del tendine d&#8217;Achille.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_24-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Resources\" class=\"mw-headline\">Risorse<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Resources\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Resources\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Complete Musculoskeletal Exam of the Foot and Ankle. 2013. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QnX5J-j79qQ\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QnX5J-j79qQ<\/a> (last accessed 4\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Wikstrom EA, McKeon PO. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5359082\/pdf\/nihms818000.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Predicting balance improvements following STARS treatments in chronic ankle instability participants<\/a>. J Sci Med Sport. 2017 Apr;20(4):356-361. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Doctors of Physical Therapy. Airplane Test. 2019. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WysXgJNVOnk\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WysXgJNVOnk<\/a> (last accessed 18\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Physio Plus Fitness.<br \/>\nPalpation Of The Foot And Ankle. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sbwgH7FtZ-U\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sbwgH7FtZ-U<\/a> (last accessed 30\/04\/2025)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Akoh CC, Phisitkul P. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.pl\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=OsyWDwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA183&amp;dq=foot+and+ankle+neuro+examination&amp;ots=Fa49SkztOY&amp;sig=zczpRrRD0E0Ff1LMoRNKFoCLB40&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" rel=\"nofollow\">Clinical examination and radiographic assessment of the cavus foot.<\/a> Foot Ankle Clin. 2019 Jun 1;24(2):183-93.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Anatomy &#8211; Dermatomes of the Lower Extremity. 2017. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jpcuPz9y7f4\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jpcuPz9y7f4<\/a> (last accessed 5\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Vascular assessment of the lower limb and clinical diagnostics. 2011. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nhmBL3N_igg&amp;t=136s\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nhmBL3N_igg&amp;t=136s<\/a> (last accessed 5\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Foot &amp; Ankle: Overview of ROM Assessment. 2020. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XkZp15vYNT0\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XkZp15vYNT0<\/a> (last accessed 5\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Donatelli R, Donatelli G, Baycroft C. Foot and ankle: anatomy, mechanics, and rehabilitation. InFoundations of Orthopedic Physical Therapy 2024 Jun 1 (pp. 308-336). Routledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kris Porter DPT.Ankle Exam and Manual Therapy. 2016. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VN55vtFJOgc\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VN55vtFJOgc<\/a>(last accessed 7\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kris Porter DPT. Sub-Talar Exam and Manual Therapy. 2016. Available from:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_cRTUWlX-Tk\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_cRTUWlX-Tk<\/a> (last accessed 7\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kris Porter DPT.Mid-Foot (mid-tarsal) Examination. 2016. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qv62Qhn7DN8\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qv62Qhn7DN8<\/a> (last accessed 7\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kris Porter DPT. Hallux (Great Toe) Examination (1st MTP). 2016. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tH5gZ3My5Q0\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tH5gZ3My5Q0<\/a> (last accessed 7\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nery C, Raduan FC, Catena F, Mann TS, de Andrade MA, Baumfeld D. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4653840\/pdf\/13018_2015_Article_318.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Plantar plate radiofrequency and Weil osteotomy for subtle metatarsophalangeal joint instablity.<\/a> J Orthop Surg Res. 2015 Nov 19;10:180.<\/span> <\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Manual Muscle Testing of the Lower Extremities. 2015. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_DK0KupWCyc\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_DK0KupWCyc<\/a>(last accessed 5\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Chouhan K, Sathe PK, Parihar SS, Shrivastava VK. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/iaph\/fulltext\/2024\/18020\/comparison_of_biomechanical_factors_between.16.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Comparison of biomechanical factors between normal, flat foot, and high arched foot in university students.<\/a> Physiotherapy-The Journal of Indian Association of Physiotherapists. 2024 Jul 1;18(2):167-74.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez R. Advances in Foot Biomechanics and Gait Analysis. Applied Sciences (2076-3417). 2025 Feb 1;15(3).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_18-0\">18.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_18-1\">18.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bernstein DN, Kelly M, Houck JR, Ketz JP, Flemister AS, DiGiovanni BF, Baumhauer JF, Oh I. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1071100718803314\" rel=\"nofollow\">PROMIS pain interference is superior vs numeric pain rating scale for pain assessment in foot and ankle patients.<\/a> Foot &amp; ankle international. 2019 Feb;40(2):139-44.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Promis. Northwestern University 2022. Health Measures (Internet). Available from<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.healthmeasures.net\/explore-measurement-systems\/promis\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.healthmeasures.net\/explore-measurement-systems\/promis<\/a>. (Last accessed 6\/01\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kendall R, Wagner B, Brodke D, Bounsanga J, Voss M, MS, Gu Y, Spiker R, Lawrence B, Hung M. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/pnx310.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAtAwggLMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggK9MIICuQIBADCCArIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMB_OQoTuwyPyH1wM2AgEQgIICg7_wj67xDZ6gkeSBM0LCdIRNhnfyq2TIY1gG_dtQc0UMn9bSiiJGR6cUitla2VpsQaaUrP_CPVhdNuS8DV7f8vJRuN6AJSsNIz90E6fF7J2VbxmZCT-TNf3r_tYyVKhCRpg9mnrwhk3HTcZCcukd1EvtWUjyT0i6Y-Z6P2yDKHPNpGl-6FM1zJKDgXZfysyZL8NOSCeHj-bd1DZnBTL0NK6E7UheHuDqp4QcL9ALCYj6rlIwxYwKlTLQIW9SxHYXgEnXNIjoK-n1ild4M5lFYfbesGmOur819tyIZ9auQO5_MNhSAOA_Mm1LqcPwBsOZFLn7L5Oc4bl6y-p0yWqvqpQw6faGzNw9Yu5uiRr0pftvtrzSamy9HB5yWcjRqUSiYiOp0u8YBikB9X5_2tWVt7Mk3_phLvvD6Rw0VtHKQsN4Xb5WZKmTCkPHlmonF2n3jJXiT37bYxUrhVxtmbNFmucbwpIGdavZopTxMKEpCw5J0iQbzFwexSaOGFGRvVpRSs-TH0Lu5TZCuRAmpVtihjTc_Wj3KAWW9jyYXVgn3-pPPbApM6WQipPmM4YJ5oDUlkoHBGzoD6vdiJpDbQOLbcQUKWYRBBeOf7sZq69-iMYTwM_b_OrAggDpLsg1_Ka9PSE-qcwGj867q-jF4horFg1zs6HYnMVanC9kxRVdMz6XBTSRuVQNIZ27dSXlCJ8WrLpMq56NxUQYEPxrQ_1XHqvYpxy6BIvX9y7BeM7CltH6lR2MqeCxvAg6JO7IO8URTmtMnvpkGAG5yhey57Y5nIoLGpODZFbdtsC1j_Z1QJDtDtsGmrNuBAy0UG1m5_mEJj-O1TwM95IwQRgC2bTN7sZbk-k\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Relationship of PROMIS Pain Interference and Physical Function Scales<\/a>. Pain Medicine 2018 Sep; 19(9):1720\u20131724.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Robinson CL, Phung A, Dominguez M, Remotti E, Ricciardelli R, Momah DU, Wahab S, Kim RS, Norman M, Zhang E, Hasoon J. Pain scales: what are they and what do they mean. Current pain and headache reports. 2024 Jan;28(1):11-25.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Shazadeh Safavi P, Janney C, Jupiter D, Kunzler D, Bui R, Panchbhavi VK. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1938640018803747\" rel=\"nofollow\">A systematic review of the outcome evaluation tools for the foot and ankle<\/a>. Foot &amp; ankle specialist. 2019 Oct;12(5):461-70.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Ortega-Avila AB, Sanchez-Morilla S, Galan-Hurtado MH, Cervera-Garvi P, Garcia-Medina J, Marchena-Rodriguez A. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/aop\/24-070\/24-070.xml\" rel=\"nofollow\">Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) Questionnaire: A Systematic Review.<\/a> Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2025 Mar 12;1(aop):1-36.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_24-0\">24.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_24-1\">24.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_24-2\">24.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_24-3\">24.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Eble SK, Hansen OB, Ellis SJ, Drakos MC. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1071100720941020\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Virtual Foot and Ankle Physical Examination<\/a>. Foot &amp; Ankle International. 2020;41(8):1017-1026. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Ravi B, Kapoor M, Player D. Feasibility and reliability of a web-based smartphone application for joint position measurement. J Rehabil Med. 2021 May 10;53(5):jrm00188. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20260129085307\nCache expiry: 0\nReduced expiry: true\nComplications: (show\u2010toc)\nCPU time usage: 0.145 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.158 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 481\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 345\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 3\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 18471\/5000000 bytes\n--><br \/>\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   11.611      1 Special:Contributors\/Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment\n100.00%   11.611      1 -total\n--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redazione originale &#8211; Ewa Jaraczewska sulla base del corso presentato da Helene Simpson Collaboratori principali &#8211; Ewa Jaraczewska, Kim Jackson, Jess Bell, Lucinda hampton, Aminat Abolade, Nupur Smit Shah, Robin Leigh Tacchetti e Robin Tacchetti Contenuti 1 Obiettivo della valutazione 2 Esame soggettivo 2.1 Anamnesi 3 Domande speciali 4 Esame obiettivo 4.1 Osservazione 4.2 Test [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4432","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4432"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4432\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13539,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4432\/revisions\/13539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}