{"id":11638,"date":"2025-01-05T15:35:46","date_gmt":"2025-01-05T15:35:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/autism-spectrum-disorder-it\/"},"modified":"2025-01-20T09:39:25","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T09:39:25","slug":"autism-spectrum-disorder-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/autism-spectrum-disorder-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Disturbo dello spettro autistico"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Redazione originale<\/b> &#8211; <a title=\"User:Kirenga Bamurange Liliane\" href=\"\/User:Kirenga_Bamurange_Liliane\">Kirenga Bamurange Liliane<\/a><br \/>\n<b>Contributori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kirenga Bamurange Liliane\" href=\"\/User:Kirenga_Bamurange_Liliane\"><bdi>Kirenga Bamurange Liliane<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\" href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda hampton<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Naomi O'Reilly\" href=\"\/User:Naomi_O%27Reilly\"><bdi>Naomi O&#8217;Reilly<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Nupur Smit Shah\" href=\"\/User:Nupur_Smit_Shah\"><bdi>Nupur Smit Shah<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Robin Tacchetti\" href=\"\/User:Robin_Tacchetti\"><bdi>Robin Tacchetti<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduzione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Aetiology\/Epidemiology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Eziologia\/epidemiologia<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#ASD_in_Low_Resource_Settings\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">ASD in contesti con poche risorse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Signs_and_Symptoms\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Segni e sintomi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Co-occurring_Conditions\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Condizioni coesistenti<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Risk_Factors\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fattori di rischio<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Diagnosis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Diagnosi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Prognosis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Prognosi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Treatment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Trattamento<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduzione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Autism_signs.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Autism_signs.png\/300px-Autism_signs.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Autism_signs.png\/450px-Autism_signs.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Autism_signs.png\/600px-Autism_signs.png 2x\" alt=\"Segni dell'autismo.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"448\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1528\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>L&#8217;autismo, chiamato Disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD), \u00e8 un disturbo del neurosviluppo che ha un impatto sul modo in cui un individuo con ASD si relaziona con gli altri e con l&#8217;ambiente.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>I tratti dell&#8217;ASD potrebbero essere evidenti fin dall&#8217;infanzia, ma alcuni soggetti riceveranno la diagnosi molto pi\u00f9 tardi. L&#8217;ASD pu\u00f2 avere un impatto sulle opportunit\u00e0 di istruzione e di lavoro di un soggetto e potrebbe aggiungere stress alle famiglie che forniscono assistenza e supporto.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> Alcuni individui potrebbero avere disabilit\u00e0 significative e richiedere un&#8217;assistenza continua, mentre altri vivono in modo indipendente.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Aetiology.2FEpidemiology\"><\/span><span id=\"Aetiology\/Epidemiology\" class=\"mw-headline\">Eziologia\/epidemiologia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Eziologia\/Epidemiologia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Eziologia\/Epidemiologia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fd\/Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png\/441px-Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fd\/Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png\/662px-Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fd\/Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png\/882px-Share-of-the-population-with-autism.png 2x\" alt=\"Quota della popolazione con autismo.png\" width=\"441\" height=\"311\" data-file-width=\"3400\" data-file-height=\"2400\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;L&#8217;ASD \u00e8 un disturbo neurobiologico influenzato da fattori genetici e ambientali che colpiscono il cervello in via di sviluppo&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>La ricerca sui meccanismi eziologici dell&#8217;ASD \u00e8 in corso e al momento non \u00e8 stata identificata una singola causa di questa condizione.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La prevalenza riportata di ASD \u00e8 di 1 individuo su 68.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:12_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>I tassi di prevalenza variano da paese a paese.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La prevalenza generale dell&#8217;ASD \u00e8 in aumento a livello globale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup> Tuttavia, va notato che ci\u00f2 potrebbe essere dovuto a una maggiore consapevolezza dell&#8217;ASD, a una potenziale sovradiagnosi o a criteri diagnostici troppo inclusivi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:12_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"ASD_in_Low_Resource_Settings\" class=\"mw-headline\">ASD in contesti con poche risorse<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: ASD in ambienti con poche risorse\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: ASD in ambienti con poche risorse\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica fonte<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La prevalenza dell&#8217;ASD in molti paesi a basso e medio reddito (LMIC) \u00e8 sconosciuta.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> La ricerca sul processo di diagnosi dell&#8217;ASD nei paesi a basso reddito \u00e8 ancora limitata. L&#8217;et\u00e0 media al momento della diagnosi di ASD \u00e8 molto simile nei paesi a basso reddito, ma \u00e8 pi\u00f9 alta rispetto ai paesi ad alto reddito.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Sono necessari studi, in particolare epidemiologici, per definire l&#8217;entit\u00e0 del problema dell&#8217;ASD nei paesi a basso reddito.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Signs_and_Symptoms\" class=\"mw-headline\">Segni e sintomi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Signs and Symptoms\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Signs and Symptoms\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I segni dell&#8217;ASD compaiono solitamente nel secondo anno di vita.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup> I soggetti con ASD potrebbero avere problemi con i seguenti:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>comunicare i propri bisogni e desideri (difficolt\u00e0 sociali)<\/li>\n<li>interpretare le altre persone<\/li>\n<li>elaborare le informazioni sensoriali e cognitive<\/li>\n<li>comportamento ripetitivo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I primi segni di ASD potrebbero includere:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Non rispondere al proprio nome<\/li>\n<li>Non indicare gli oggetti\/le cose di interesse<\/li>\n<li>Evitare il contatto visivo<\/li>\n<li>Mostrare una preferenza per la solitudine<\/li>\n<li>Non giocare a giochi di &#8220;finzione&#8221; o di &#8220;fantasia&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Mancanza di linguaggio\/ritardo nel parlare<\/li>\n<li>Avere difficolt\u00e0 a capire o a dimostrare di capire i sentimenti di un&#8217;altra persona o i propri sentimenti<\/li>\n<li>Arrabbiarsi per i piccoli cambiamenti<\/li>\n<li>Fornire risposte non correlate alle domande<\/li>\n<li>Interessi ossessivi<\/li>\n<li>Non avere abilit\u00e0 sociali o avere meno abilit\u00e0 sociali di quelle previste<\/li>\n<li>Resistere o evitare il contatto fisico<\/li>\n<li>Non avere una grande consapevolezza della sicurezza e dei pericoli<\/li>\n<li>Invertire i pronomi &#8211; ad esempio, potrebbero dire &#8220;io&#8221; invece di &#8220;tu&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Altri comportamenti associati all&#8217;ASD sono:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ansia estrema\/fobie insolite<\/li>\n<li>Allineare gli oggetti e i giocattoli<\/li>\n<li>Giocare con i giocattoli sempre nello stesso modo<\/li>\n<li>Provocare lesioni a se stessi<\/li>\n<li>Mancanza di paura o paura eccessiva<\/li>\n<li>Breve capacit\u00e0 di attenzione<\/li>\n<li>Abitudini alimentari\/di sonno insolite<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I bambini e i ragazzi con ASD hanno capacit\u00e0 intellettive diverse. I soggetti con ASD potrebbero avere una comunicazione verbale limitata o nulla e un comportamento adattivo molto limitato.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 258px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tEBsTX2OVgI?\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Co-occurring_Conditions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Condizioni coesistenti<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Condizioni di co-occorrenza\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Condizioni di co-occorrenza\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I soggetti con ASD spesso presentano condizioni coesistenti (ad esempio <a title=\"Epilessia\" href=\"\/Epilepsy\">epilessia<\/a>, <a title=\"Depressione\" href=\"\/Depression\">depressione<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Generalized Anxiety Disorder\" href=\"\/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder\">ansia<\/a> e <a title=\"Attention Deficit Disorders\" href=\"\/Attention_Deficit_Disorders\">disturbo da deficit di attenzione e iperattivit\u00e0<\/a>) e altri comportamenti problematici (ad esempio <a title=\"Privazione del sonno e disturbi del sonno\" href=\"\/Sleep_Deprivation_and_Sleep_Disorders\">difficolt\u00e0 a dormire<\/a> e autolesionismo). Anche il livello di funzionamento intellettuale varia notevolmente tra i soggetti con ASD. Alcuni potrebbero subire una profonda compromissione, mentre altri hanno un QI medio o superiore.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Co-Occurring_Conditions_Autism_1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Co-Occurring_Conditions_Autism_1.png\/708px-Co-Occurring_Conditions_Autism_1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/1\/1b\/Co-Occurring_Conditions_Autism_1.png 1.5x\" alt=\"Condizioni Co-occorrenti Autismo 1.png\" width=\"708\" height=\"399\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"577\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Risk_Factors\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fattori di rischio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Risk Factors\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Risk Factors\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I seguenti fattori sono stati collegati all&#8217;ASD:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>fattori ereditari, storia genitoriale di disturbi psichiatrici, nascite pretermine<\/li>\n<li>aumento dell&#8217;et\u00e0 dei genitori (sia materna che paterna)<\/li>\n<li>storia di malattie autoimmuni nella madre (sono stati suggeriti <a title=\"Diabetes\" href=\"\/Diabetes\">diabete<\/a>, malattie della tiroide e psoriasi, ma i risultati della ricerca non sono coerenti)<\/li>\n<li>esposizione prenatale a talidomide e acido valproico<\/li>\n<li>alcune malattie genetiche hanno maggiori probabilit\u00e0 di coesistere con l&#8217;ASD, tra cui la <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sindrome del Tremore\/Atassia dell'X Fragile\" href=\"\/Fragile_X_Tremor\/Ataxia_Syndrome\">sindrome dell&#8217;X fragile<\/a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup> la sclerosi tuberosa, la <a title=\"Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)\" href=\"\/Down_Syndrome_(Trisomy_21)\">sindrome di Down<\/a> e la <a title=\"Sindrome di Rett\" href=\"\/Rett_Syndrome\">sindrome di Rett<\/a>, ma queste condizioni genetiche non sono responsabili di molti casi di ASD in generale<\/li>\n<li>infezione materna<\/li>\n<li>attivazione immunitaria durante la gravidanza<\/li>\n<li>fattori ostetrici, tra cui:\n<ul>\n<li>sanguinamento uterino<\/li>\n<li>parto cesareo<\/li>\n<li>basso peso alla nascita<\/li>\n<li>parto pretermine<\/li>\n<li>punteggi Apgar bassi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Diagnosis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Diagnosi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Diagnosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Diagnosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 384px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png\/382px-Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png\/573px-Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png\/764px-Autism_No_Puzzle_Pieces.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"382\" height=\"255\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"683\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>I sostenitori dell&#8217;ADS si ribellano agli stereotipi negativi<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Una serie di professionisti della salute pu\u00f2 diagnosticare l&#8217;ASD e, idealmente, pi\u00f9 discipline saranno coinvolte nella diagnosi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Una diagnosi effettuata utilizzando sia l&#8217;osservazione del professionista clinico che le segnalazioni del caregiver \u00e8 considerata pi\u00f9 affidabile di una diagnosi basata sull&#8217;osservazione o sulle segnalazioni del caregiver da sole.<\/li>\n<li>Le diagnosi fatte pi\u00f9 tardi nella vita vengono spesso fatte in soggetti con altre condizioni, tra cui ansia, iperattivit\u00e0 o disturbi dell&#8217;umore che potrebbero aver esacerbato o nascosto l&#8217;ASD.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>\u00c8 necessario seguire e rivalutare i bambini con diagnosi di ASD, soprattutto in et\u00e0 prescolare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Attualmente non esistono biomarcatori o misure diagnostiche chiare per l&#8217;ASD. L&#8217;ASD viene quindi diagnosticato quando i soggetti soddisfano determinati criteri descrittivi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per aiutare a identificare l&#8217;ASD vengono utilizzati diversi approcci\/strumenti, tra cui:<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised (M-CHAT-R). Questo strumento di screening con 20 domande analizza il comportamento del bambino. \u00c8 rivolto ai bambini di et\u00e0 compresa tra i 16 e i 30 mesi. Ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autismspeaks.org\/screen-your-child\" rel=\"nofollow\">qui<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>CARS: Childhood Autism Rating Scale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup> Questa scala pu\u00f2 essere utilizzata nei bambini di et\u00e0 superiore ai 2 anni.<\/li>\n<li>ADOS : Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup> Si tratta di una valutazione osservativa standardizzata e semi-strutturata che analizza l&#8217;interazione sociale, la comunicazione, il gioco e l&#8217;uso fantasioso dei materiali.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Si noti che la <b>sindrome di Asperger<\/b> \u00e8 stata utilizzata in passato per descrivere soggetti che presentano una forma di ASD ad alto funzionamento. Tuttavia, non esiste pi\u00f9 una diagnosi separata per la sindrome di Asperger, anche se alcune persone preferiscono continuare a usare questo termine.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Prognosis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Prognosi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Prognosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Prognosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L&#8217;ASD \u00e8 una condizione che dura tutta la vita. L&#8217;intervento precoce d\u00e0 i migliori risultati.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Treatment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Trattamento<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Treatment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Treatment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg\/300px-Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg\/450px-Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg\/600px-Autism_service_dog_at_home.jpeg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"345\" data-file-width=\"834\" data-file-height=\"960\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Il cane da assistenza per l&#8217;ASD incoraggia l&#8217;espressione esteriore<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Esistono diverse opzioni di trattamento per i soggetti con ASD. La scelta di un trattamento appropriato dovrebbe essere collaborativa e coinvolgere l&#8217;individuo, i caregiver e i professionisti sanitari.<\/p>\n<p>Alcuni trattamenti comuni per l&#8217;ASD includono:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Terapie comportamentali: mirano a migliorare comportamenti specifici e ad aiutare l&#8217;individuo a sviluppare competenze. Questo approccio tende a utilizzare strategie comportamentali standard (cio\u00e8 premiare i comportamenti considerati appropriati o accettabili, ignorare\/scoraggiare i comportamenti considerati inappropriati o inaccettabili).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Terapia occupazionale: si concentra sulle capacit\u00e0 di adattamento necessarie per le attivit\u00e0 della vita quotidiana (AVQ).<\/li>\n<li>Terapia sensoriale: esistono diversi interventi sensoriali sviluppati per aiutare a risolvere le sfide sensoriali.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Logopedia: aiuta a migliorare la comprensione e l&#8217;uso del linguaggio da parte del bambino.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Fisioterapia: per aiutare a migliorare le capacit\u00e0 fisiche e motorie. Ulteriori informazioni sulla gestione fisioterapica dell&#8217;ASD sono disponibili qui: <a title=\"Disturbo dello spettro autistico e sviluppo motorio\" href=\"\/Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_and_Motor_Development\">Disturbo dello spettro autistico e sviluppo motorio<\/a><\/li>\n<li>I trattamenti complementari e alternativi, tra cui la terapia con gli animali, l&#8217;<a title=\"Arti curative e terapie espressive in un team interdisciplinare\" href=\"\/Healing_Arts_and_Expressive_Therapies_in_an_Interdisciplinary_Team\">arteterapia<\/a>, la <a title=\"Musicoterapia e bambini con paralisi cerebrale\" href=\"\/Music_therapy_and_children_with_cerebral_palsy\">musicoterapia<\/a> e le terapie di <a title=\"Tecniche di rilassamento\" href=\"\/Relaxation_Techniques\">rilassamento<\/a>, sono opzioni di trattamento supplementari per le persone con ASD.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>I farmaci potrebbero essere utilizzati per trattare i sintomi dell&#8217;ASD, tra cui:\n<ul>\n<li>farmaci antipsicotici per schemi di comportamento ripetitivi\/aggressivit\u00e0<\/li>\n<li>inibitori della ricaptazione della serotonina (SSRI)<\/li>\n<li>stimolanti e altri antipsicotici per comportamenti problematici (come l&#8217;aggressivit\u00e0), etc.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:12_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Autism_Spectrum_Disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:10-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">The spectrum <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/thespectrum.org.au\/autism\/#what-is-asperger%E2%80%99s-syndrome?\" rel=\"nofollow\">What is autism?<\/a> Available:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/thespectrum.org.au\/autism\/#what-is-asperger%E2%80%99s-syndrome\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/thespectrum.org.au\/autism\/#what-is-asperger%E2%80%99s-syndrome<\/a>? 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Ital J Pediatr. 2022 Jul 8;48(1):112. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Samms-Vaughan ME. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.3109\/17549507.2013.866271\" rel=\"nofollow\">The status of early identification and early intervention in autism spectrum disorders in lower- and middle-income countries<\/a>. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2014 Feb;16(1):30-5. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:8-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_7-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bakare MO, Munir KM. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Africa: a perspective. African journal of psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;14(3):208-10. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nilsson Jobs E, B\u00f6lte S, Falck-Ytter T. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3821-5\" rel=\"nofollow\">Spotting signs of autism in 3-year-olds: comparing information from parents and preschool Staff<\/a>. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019 Mar;49(3):1232-41. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">National Autism Association. Signs of Autism. Available from <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalautismassociation.org\/resources\/signs-of-autism\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/nationalautismassociation.org\/resources\/signs-of-autism\/<\/a> (last accessed 2 June 2023).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Steinbrenner JR, Hume K, Odom SL, Morin KL, Nowell SW, Tomaszewski B, Szendrey S, McIntyre NS, Y\u00fccesoy-\u00d6zkan S, Savage MN. Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism. FPG Child Development Institute. 2020.  <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"> Neuroscientifically challenged. 2-Minute Neuroscience: Autism. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tEBsTX2OVgI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tEBsTX2OVgI<\/a> (Accessed, 5.1.2023)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Autism Research Institute. Average or high IQ in individuals with ASD may be higher than previously estimated. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/average-or-high-iq-in-individuals-with-asd-may-be-higher-than-previously-estimated\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/autism.org\/average-or-high-iq-in-individuals-with-asd-may-be-higher-than-previously-estimated\/<\/a> (last accessed 28 April 2023).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Niu M, Han Y, Dy ABC, Du J, Jin H, Qin J, et al. Autism Symptoms in Fragile X Syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2017 Sep;32(10):903-9. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_14-0\">14.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_14-1\">14.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):508-20.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_15-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Fernell E, Eriksson MA, Gillberg C. Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clinical epidemiology. 2013;5:33.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder for Healthcare Providers. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/hcp-screening.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/hcp-screening.html<\/a> (last accessed 29 April 2023).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Parmeggiani A, Corinaldesi A, Posar A. Early features of autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2019 Dec;45(1):1-8. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Autism Research Institute. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/autism-prognosis\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Prognosis<\/a>. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/autism-prognosis\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/autism.org\/autism-prognosis\/<\/a> (last accessed 29 April 2023).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:11-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_19-0\">19.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_19-1\">19.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Autism research institute <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autism.org\/treatment\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Treatment Information and Resources<\/a> Available:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autism.org\/treatment\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.autism.org\/treatment\/<\/a> (accessed 5.1.2023)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_20-0\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Alpert JS. Autism: A Spectrum Disorder. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/treatment.html ( Accessed, 17\/03\/2022).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20240612105452 Cache expiry: 0 Reduced expiry: true Complications: (show\u2010toc) CPU time usage: 0.115 seconds Real time usage: 0.126 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 379\/1000000 Post\u2010expand include size: 77\/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3\/100 Expensive parser function count: 0\/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0\/20 Unstrip post\u2010expand size: 14016\/5000000 bytes --><br \/>\n<!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 12.688 1 Special:Contributors\/Autism_Spectrum_Disorder 100.00% 12.688 1 -total --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redazione originale &#8211; Kirenga Bamurange Liliane Contributori principali &#8211; Kirenga Bamurange Liliane, Lucinda hampton, Jess Bell, Kim Jackson, Naomi O&#8217;Reilly, Nupur Smit Shah e Robin Tacchetti Contenuti 1 Introduzione 2 Eziologia\/epidemiologia 2.1 ASD in contesti con poche risorse 3 Segni e sintomi 4 Condizioni coesistenti 5 Fattori di rischio 6 Diagnosi 7 Prognosi 8 Trattamento [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11638","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11638"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11787,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11638\/revisions\/11787"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}