{"id":11147,"date":"2024-11-04T23:55:22","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T23:55:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/risk-factors-for-the-development-of-plantar-heel-pain-syndrome-a-literature-review-it\/"},"modified":"2024-11-06T09:12:22","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T09:12:22","slug":"risk-factors-for-the-development-of-plantar-heel-pain-syndrome-a-literature-review-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/risk-factors-for-the-development-of-plantar-heel-pain-syndrome-a-literature-review-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo della sindrome del dolore al tallone plantare &#8211; Una revisione della letteratura"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Redazione originale<\/b> &#8211; <a title=\"User:Merinda Rodseth\" href=\"\/User:Merinda_Rodseth\">Merinda Rodseth<\/a> sulla base di un corso di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/course_tutor\/bernice-saban\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Bernice Saban<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Collaboratori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Merinda Rodseth\" href=\"\/User:Merinda_Rodseth\"><bdi>Merinda Rodseth<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Tarina van der Stockt\" href=\"\/User:Tarina_van_der_Stockt\"><bdi>Tarina van der Stockt<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduzione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Intrinsic_Foot-Level_Factors\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fattori intrinseci al livello del piede<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Calcaneal_Spur\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Sperone calcaneare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Heel_Pad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cuscinetto per il tallone<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Plantar_Fascia_Thickness\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Spessore della fascia plantare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Intrinsic_Factors_Related_to_the_Anatomy_or_Biomechanics_of_the_Individual\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fattori intrinseci legati all&#8217;anatomia o alla biomeccanica dell&#8217;individuo<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Posture_and_Alignment_of_the_Ankle_and_Foot\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Postura e allineamento della caviglia e del piede<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Posture_and_Alignment_of_the_Knee\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Postura e allineamento del ginocchio<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Limitation_of_Ankle_Joint_Dorsiflexion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Limitazione della flessione dorsale dell&#8217;articolazione della caviglia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Dynamic_Foot_and_Ankle_Motion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Movimento dinamico del piede e della caviglia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Ankle_Plantar_Flexion_Endurance\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Resistenza della flessione plantare della caviglia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Body_Mass_Index\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Indice di massa corporea<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Extrinsic_Factors_Related_to_External_Influences_Acting_on_the_Foot\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fattori estrinseci relativi alle influenze esterne che agiscono sul piede<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Activities_Related_to_Sports\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Attivit\u00e0 legate allo sport<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Activities_Related_to_Standing_Time\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Attivit\u00e0 legate al tempo in piedi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Mental_Health\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Salute mentale<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#Conclusion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Conclusione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduzione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Molti fattori sono stati proposti come fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo della sindrome del dolore al tallone plantare (PHPS). Tra questi vi sono la limitata flessione dorsale della caviglia, l&#8217;obesit\u00e0, il pes planus (eccessiva pronazione del piede), le professioni che richiedono periodi prolungati in piedi, il pes cavus (arco plantare alto), l&#8217;aumento dello spessore della fascia plantare, la discrepanza nella lunghezza delle gambe, lo spessore del cuscinetto del tallone, lo squilibrio muscolare, il limitato range di movimento della prima articolazione metatarso-falangea (MTPJ), lo sperone calcaneare, il neuroma del tallone, l&#8217;esostosi calcaneale inferiore, le neuropatie da intrappolamento, la postura del piede, la morfologia dell&#8217;adduttore dell&#8217;alluce, la corsa eccessiva, lo stile di vita sedentario, l&#8217;et\u00e0, il sesso, le variabili della corsa come superficie, velocit\u00e0, frequenza e distanza settimanale, la calzata e l&#8217;usura impropria delle scarpe, l&#8217;attivit\u00e0 sportiva, etc.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Esistono numerosi studi di ricerca sulla PHPS, ma non tutti sono di pari qualit\u00e0. \u00c8 quindi importante tenere a mente i criteri degli studi di buona qualit\u00e0 quando si legge la letteratura:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un campione adeguato di oltre 30 partecipanti<\/li>\n<li>Randomizzazione dei partecipanti e la presenza di un gruppo di controllo abbinato<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per facilitare la comprensione, la revisione della letteratura sui fattori di rischio per la PHPS sar\u00e0 suddivisa in tre diverse categorie:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fattori intrinseci specifici del piede<\/li>\n<li>Fattori intrinseci legati all&#8217;anatomia o alla biomeccanica dell&#8217;individuo<\/li>\n<li>Fattori estrinseci legati alle influenze esterne che agiscono sul piede<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I seguenti fattori intrinseci ed estrinseci saranno discussi in dettaglio (Figura 1):<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg\/400px-Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg\/600px-Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1d\/Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg\/800px-Risk_factors_PHPS.pptx.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Fattori di rischio PHPS.pptx.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 1<\/b>. Fattori di rischio proposti come associati alla PHPS (fattori intrinseci al livello del piede &#8211; blu scuro, altri fattori intrinseci &#8211; blu chiaro, fattori estrinseci &#8211; verde) <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Intrinsic_Foot-Level_Factors\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fattori intrinseci al livello del piede<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fattori intrinseci del livello del piede\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fattori intrinseci del livello del piede\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica fonte<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Una serie di fattori intrinseci al piede sono considerati potenziali fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo della PHPS e verranno approfonditi. Questi includono:<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Calcaneal_Spur\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sperone calcaneare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Sperone calcaneare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Sperone calcaneare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica fonte<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Lo sperone calcaneare (entesofita) si riferisce a &#8220;un&#8217;escrescenza ossea anormale nella parte inferiore del calcagno&#8221;, spesso proveniente dal sito di inserzione del legamento della fascia plantare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Lo sperone calcaneare \u00e8 considerato una causa comune di dolore al tallone. Tuttavia, \u00e8 difficile definire cosa debba essere considerato uno sperone patologico. Inoltre, vi \u00e8 una controversia sul fatto che gli speroni calcaneari contribuiscano o meno ai sintomi del dolore al tallone plantare (PHP).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup> Molti ricercatori non sono d&#8217;accordo sulla sede e sull&#8217;eziologia degli speroni calcaneari e sul fatto che siano una causa di PHP, dato che molti pazienti presentano anche speroni plantari del tallone non dolorosi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Studiando la relazione tra speroni plantari del tallone e fascite plantare, Ahmad et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup> hanno classificato gli speroni plantari del tallone in base alla loro morfologia in 4 forme: 0 o assente, 1 o orizzontale, 2 o verticale e 3 o a uncino, con il tipo 1 (orizzontale) che \u00e8 il pi\u00f9 diffuso (60,6%). Zhou et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup> hanno classificato gli speroni calcaneari in due tipi in base alla loro posizione anatomica riscontrata nei pazienti con fascite plantare: il tipo A (superiore alla fascia plantare) e il tipo B (dall&#8217;inserzione della fascia plantare e all&#8217;interno della fascia plantare).<\/p>\n<p>Gli speroni calcaneari sono spesso considerati come prodotti accidentali degli stessi fattori di rischio che causano il PHP e che coesistono con il PHP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup> Moroney et al.,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup> tuttavia, hanno scoperto che i pazienti con speroni calcaneari hanno una probabilit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 che doppia di soffrire di dolore al piede rispetto agli individui senza speroni e che la prevalenza degli speroni calcaneari aumenta con il passare del tempo:<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Large_Heel_spur.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/6a\/Large_Heel_spur.png\/300px-Large_Heel_spur.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/6a\/Large_Heel_spur.png\/450px-Large_Heel_spur.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/6\/6a\/Large_Heel_spur.png 2x\" alt=\"Sperone del tallone grande.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"319\" data-file-width=\"454\" data-file-height=\"483\"><\/a><b>Figura 2<\/b>. Grande sperone calcaneare <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_13-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Et\u00e0 avanzata<\/li>\n<li>Genere femminile<\/li>\n<li>Obesit\u00e0<\/li>\n<li>Diabete mellito<\/li>\n<li>Artrosi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Il collegamento tra speroni calcaneari e PHPS non \u00e8 ancora chiaro, ma gli studi stanno dimostrando che:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gli speroni calcaneari potrebbero non essere solo accidentali<\/li>\n<li>La presenza di speroni calcaneari plantari \u00e8 importante<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span id=\"Heel_Pad\" class=\"mw-headline\">Cuscinetto del tallone<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Talloniera\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Talloniera\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">fonte di modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Lo strato sottocutaneo di tessuto adiposo che si trova sotto il calcagno \u00e8 noto come cuscinetto adiposo del tallone. \u00c8 progettato per fornire ammortizzazione e assorbimento degli urti al calcagno sottostante durante il carico del peso corporeo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup> \u00c8 stato proposto che i cambiamenti delle propriet\u00e0 meccaniche del cuscinetto adiposo del tallone siano associati allo sviluppo del PHP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup> Traumi locali, l&#8217;avanzare dell&#8217;et\u00e0 e l&#8217;overuse potrebbero causare cambiamenti nella struttura del cuscinetto del tallone, compresa una riduzione dello spessore. Questo diminuisce la sua comprimibilit\u00e0 e la sua capacit\u00e0 di assorbimento degli urti e provoca un dolore diffuso al tallone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup> Molti studi hanno analizzato la relazione tra lo spessore del cuscinetto del tallone e il PHP con risultati diversi (Figura 3).<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7f\/Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg\/400px-Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7f\/Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg\/600px-Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7f\/Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg\/800px-Heel_pad_thickness_in_PHP.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Spessore del tallone in PHP.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 3<\/b>. Spessore del cuscinetto del tallone nel dolore al tallone <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Non esistono quindi evidenze definitive che il cuscinetto adiposo del tallone possa contribuire al dolore al tallone.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Plantar_Fascia_Thickness\" class=\"mw-headline\">Spessore della fascia plantare<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Spessore della fascia plantare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Spessore della fascia plantare\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>La fascite plantare \u00e8 da tempo considerata una causa importante di PHP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup> I cambiamenti istopatologici nella fascia plantare prelevati da una biopsia chirurgica confermano una serie di processi degenerativi che comportano la rottura del collagene, cambiamenti nella popolazione delle cellule fibrocitarie (compresa la morte), la degradazione della matrice e la crescita vascolare e sembrano rappresentare un processo simile a quello osservato nel continuum della tendinopatia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> Studi di imaging hanno indicato un&#8217;associazione tra PHP e ispessimento della fascia plantare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup> Wall et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup> hanno suggerito che uno spessore della fascia plantare superiore a 4,0 mm \u00e8 coerente con la fascite plantare come regola generale. Questo \u00e8 stato successivamente accettato come guida generale per l&#8217;ispessimento della fascia plantare. Numerosi studi hanno rilevato che i pazienti con dolore al tallone presentano una fascia plantare ispessita di oltre 4 mm rispetto agli individui asintomatici (Figura 4).<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Plantar_fascia_thickness_studies.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Plantar_fascia_thickness_studies.jpg\/400px-Plantar_fascia_thickness_studies.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Plantar_fascia_thickness_studies.jpg\/600px-Plantar_fascia_thickness_studies.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/5\/5a\/Plantar_fascia_thickness_studies.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Studi sullo spessore della fascia plantare.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"277\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"526\"><\/a><b>Figura 4<\/b>. Evidenze sullo spessore della fascia plantare <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00c8 stato quindi stabilito un legame tra l&#8217;aumento dello spessore della fascia plantare e la PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Intrinsic_Factors_Related_to_the_Anatomy_or_Biomechanics_of_the_Individual\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fattori intrinseci legati all&#8217;anatomia o alla biomeccanica dell&#8217;individuo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fattori intrinseci legati all'anatomia o alla biomeccanica dell'individuo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fattori intrinseci legati all'anatomia o alla biomeccanica dell'individuo\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Anche fattori intrinseci alternativi non inerenti al piede, ma legati all&#8217;anatomia e alla biomeccanica dell&#8217;individuo, possono essere potenziali fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo della PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> Questi fattori intrinseci saranno discussi pi\u00f9 avanti.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Posture_and_Alignment_of_the_Ankle_and_Foot\" class=\"mw-headline\">Postura e allineamento di caviglia e piede<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Postura e allineamento della caviglia e del piede\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Postura e allineamento della caviglia e del piede\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>La postura e l&#8217;allineamento del piede sono da tempo considerati importanti per lo sviluppo del PHP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Molti fattori riguardanti la postura e l&#8217;allineamento del piede e della caviglia sono stati implicati nella PHPS e comprendono:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Altezza dell&#8217;arco longitudinale &#8211; sia un piede con arco basso (pes planus) che un piede con arco alto (pes cavus)<\/li>\n<li>Angolo\/allineamento del calcagno<\/li>\n<li>Limitato range di movimento (ROM) della prima articolazione metatarso-falangea (MTPJ)<\/li>\n<li>Deficit di forza dei flessori dell&#8217;alluce<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un riassunto dei risultati di numerosi studi sulla postura e l&#8217;allineamento del piede e della caviglia si trova nella Figura 5.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:12_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:13_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:14_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:16_25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:15_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg\/400px-Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg\/600px-Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg\/800px-Postural_factors_for-PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Fattori posturali per-PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 5<\/b>. Fattori posturali associati alla PHPS <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Non ci sono quindi evidenze sufficienti a sostegno dell&#8217;idea che i risultati clinici e biomeccanici della funzione del piede e della caviglia influenzino la PHPS.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Posture_and_Alignment_of_the_Knee\" class=\"mw-headline\">Postura e allineamento del ginocchio<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Postura e allineamento del ginocchio\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Postura e allineamento del ginocchio\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Anche la postura e l&#8217;allineamento del ginocchio sono stati proposti come possibili fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo della PHPS e gli studi hanno prodotto risultati diversi (Figura 6).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:12_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:14_24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/35\/Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg\/400px-Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/35\/Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg\/600px-Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/35\/Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg\/800px-Posture_and_alignment_of_the_knee_in_PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Postura e allineamento del ginocchio nella PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 6<\/b>. Postura e allineamento del ginocchio <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Al momento, quindi, non ci sono evidenze di un legame tra la postura o l&#8217;allineamento del ginocchio e la PHPS.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Limitation_of_Ankle_Joint_Dorsiflexion\" class=\"mw-headline\">Limitazione della flessione dorsale dell&#8217;articolazione della caviglia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Limitazione della dorsiflessione dell'articolazione della caviglia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Limitazione della dorsiflessione dell'articolazione della caviglia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Il range di movimento limitato in flessione dorsale della caviglia viene spesso proposto come fattore di rischio per il PHP.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Si ipotizza che la mancanza di flessione dorsale durante la fase di stance del ciclo del passo porti a un aumento per compensazione della flessione dorsale del mesopiede, abbassando l&#8217;arco plantare e aumentando il carico di trazione sulla fascia plantare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Negli studi anatomici \u00e8 stata descritta una connessione continua tra la fascia plantare e il tendine d&#8217;Achille. Si propone che nei soggetti in cui esiste questo legame, l&#8217;aumento del carico di trazione nel complesso gastrocnemio-soleo in seguito a inflessibilit\u00e0 possa essere trasmesso direttamente alla fascia plantare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Molti studi hanno analizzato la relazione tra la flessione dorsale limitata dell&#8217;articolazione della caviglia e la PHPS con risultati contrastanti (Figura 7). <sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:13_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:17_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:18_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:19_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">(33)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">(34)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/58\/Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg\/400px-Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/58\/Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg\/600px-Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/58\/Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg\/800px-Ankle_DF_limitation_and_PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Limitazione della caviglia DF e PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 7<\/b>. Limitazione della flessione dorsale della caviglia <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Come si evince da questi studi, non ci sono evidenze concordi che un range limitato in flessione dorsale della caviglia sia associato allo sviluppo della PHPS.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Dynamic_Foot_and_Ankle_Motion\" class=\"mw-headline\">Movimento dinamico del piede e della caviglia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Movimento dinamico del piede e della caviglia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Movimento dinamico del piede e della caviglia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png\/300px-Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png\/450px-Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png\/600px-Ground_Reaction_Force_Stance_and_Swing_Phase.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"233\" data-file-width=\"709\" data-file-height=\"550\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p><b>Figura 8<\/b>. Forze verticali di reazione al suolo durante la deambulazione<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Quando le persone camminano o corrono, gli aspetti plantari dei piedi sono sottoposti a forze considerevoli durante la fase di contatto con il terreno di ogni passo. Il tallone \u00e8 spesso la prima parte del piede a colpire il terreno e l&#8217;impatto genera grandi forze.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">(35)<\/a><\/sup> La fase di contatto con il tallone (heel strike) del ciclo del passo, quindi, rappresenta un carico pesante per i tessuti del cuscinetto del tallone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> Il contatto con il tallone si manifesta come un breve picco di forza (in genere 10-20 ms), sovrapposto alla salita della forza di reazione al suolo (GRF), subito dopo il contatto iniziale del piede.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> Il grafico della Figura 8 rappresenta la forza verticale di reazione al suolo prodotta da un individuo che cammina:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>il picco iniziale durante la fase di stance rappresenta la forza iniziale prodotta durante il contatto con il tallone mentre<\/li>\n<li>il picco di forza successivo \u00e8 prodotto dalle parti pi\u00f9 distali del piede.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Il funzionamento del piede cambia durante le azioni dinamiche del passo e della corsa, con conseguente aumento della pressione sull&#8217;aspetto plantare del piede e cambiamenti nella distribuzione della pressione plantare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:15_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup> \u00c8 stato quindi proposto che i soggetti affetti da fascite plantare presentino forze di reazione al suolo e schemi di distribuzione della pressione plantare alterati (Ribeiro 2011). Ribeiro et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:15_27-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup> non hanno riscontrato cambiamenti negli schemi di distribuzione della pressione plantare nei runner amatoriali con fascite plantare rispetto ai runner di controllo. Inoltre, il dolore non ha interferito con gli schemi dinamici delle distribuzioni della pressione plantare.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:15_27-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:15-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup> Chang et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">36)<\/a><\/sup> hanno riscontrato che, rispetto ai controlli sani, i soggetti con fascite plantare presentavano in maniera significativa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maggiore eversione totale del retropiede<\/li>\n<li>Maggiore flessione plantare dell&#8217;avampiede al momento del contatto iniziale<\/li>\n<li>Maggiore movimento totale dell&#8217;avampiede sul piano sagittale<\/li>\n<li>Maggiore flessione dorsale massima della prima articolazione metatarso-falangea<\/li>\n<li>Diminuzione delle forze verticali di reazione al suolo durante la propulsione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In modo controverso, Bovonsunthonchai et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">(37)<\/a><\/sup> hanno riportato che gli adattamenti nel movimento intra-piede hanno mostrato una riduzione di alcuni angoli, ma nessuna differenza significativa nelle forze verticali di reazione al suolo tra individui con fascite plantare e individui sani quando camminavano a una velocit\u00e0 simile.<\/p>\n<p>Non ci sono quindi evidenze conclusive dell&#8217;esistenza di un cambiamento nella dinamica della camminata nei soggetti con PHPS.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Ankle_Plantar_Flexion_Endurance\" class=\"mw-headline\">Resistenza della flessione plantare della caviglia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Resistenza alla flessione plantare della caviglia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Resistenza alla flessione plantare della caviglia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Anche una ridotta resistenza dei muscoli del polpaccio (flessione plantare) \u00e8 stata ipotizzata come fattore di rischio per la PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:19_32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup> Tuttavia, due studi non hanno riportato alcuna relazione tra la resistenza della flessione plantare e la PHPS, come si pu\u00f2 vedere nella Figura 9.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:19_32-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg\/400px-Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg\/600px-Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg\/800px-Plantar_flexion_endurance_in_PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Resistenza alla flessione plantare nella PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 9<\/b>. Resistenza della flessione plantare <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Una ridotta resistenza della flessione plantare non \u00e8 quindi probabilmente associata alla PHPS.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Body_Mass_Index\" class=\"mw-headline\">Indice di massa corporea (IMC)<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Body Mass Index\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Body Mass Index\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">fonte edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>L&#8217;indice di massa corporea (IMC) \u00e8 un&#8217;espressione del peso rispetto all&#8217;altezza ed \u00e8 classificato come:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sottopeso: &lt; 18,5 kg\/m2<\/li>\n<li>Peso ideale: 18,5 &#8211; 24,9 kg\/m2<\/li>\n<li>Sovrappeso: 24,9 &#8211; 29,9 kg\/m2<\/li>\n<li>Obeso: &gt;30 kg\/m2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&#8217;IMC \u00e8 stato associato ad alterazioni della postura del piede ed \u00e8 stato proposto come fattore di rischio per la PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_6-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:19_32-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup> Molti studi che hanno analizzato la PHPS hanno riscontrato che i soggetti con PHP avevano un IMC pi\u00f9 elevato ed erano di mezza et\u00e0 (Figura 10).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:17_29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:17-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-:19_32-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">(38)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\">(39)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\">(40)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:20_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-41\">(41)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg\/400px-Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg\/600px-Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg\/800px-Body_mass_index_and_PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Indice di massa corporea e PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 10<\/b>. Indice di massa corporea rispetto all&#8217;et\u00e0 <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<p>La relazione tra IMC e PHPS \u00e8 stata ampiamente studiata ed \u00e8 stata riportata una forte associazione clinica tra l&#8217;aumento dell&#8217;IMC e la PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:21_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-42\">(42)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:22_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-43\">(43)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Extrinsic_Factors_Related_to_External_Influences_Acting_on_the_Foot\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fattori estrinseci relativi alle influenze esterne che agiscono sul piede<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fattori estrinseci relativi alle influenze esterne che agiscono sul piede\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fattori estrinseci relativi alle influenze esterne che agiscono sul piede\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le influenze ambientali e circostanziali che agiscono su un individuo sono note collettivamente come fattori estrinseci e comprendono: <sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posizione eretta prolungata<\/li>\n<li>Calzata inadeguata delle scarpe<\/li>\n<li>Lesioni precedenti<\/li>\n<li>Superficie di corsa, velocit\u00e0, frequenza e distanza settimanale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le evidenze sono limitate per la maggior parte di questi fattori e il ruolo che svolgono nello sviluppo della PHPS non \u00e8 ben compreso.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Activities_Related_to_Sports\" class=\"mw-headline\">Attivit\u00e0 legate allo sport<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Attivit\u00e0 legate allo sport\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Attivit\u00e0 legate allo sport\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Da tempo si discute se la partecipazione allo sport porti alla PHPS o se sia protettiva contro la PHPS. Molti soggetti con PHPS dichiarano di non praticare sport che si ritiene li mettano a rischio di PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:20_41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:20-41\">(41)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">(44)<\/a><\/sup> La non partecipazione a un esercizio fisico regolare \u00e8 stata associata a un aumento della prevalenza della fascite plantare, mentre l&#8217;attivit\u00e0 fisica svolta 3 volte a settimana per pi\u00f9 di 20 minuti \u00e8 stata associata a una diminuzione della prevalenza. Questo suggerisce che la partecipazione allo sport \u00e8 protettiva contro la PHPS.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:21_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-42\">(42)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Tuttavia, sebbene la PHPS sia pi\u00f9 comune nei soggetti sedentari, anche coloro che praticano sport sperimentano il PHP, il che solleva la questione se anch&#8217;esso possa portare alla PHPS.<\/p>\n<p>In uno studio di Di Caprio et al.,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:23_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-45\">(45)<\/a><\/sup> il 31% di 166 runner ha riportato uno o pi\u00f9 episodi di fascite plantare che hanno impedito loro di correre per pi\u00f9 di 2 settimane. L&#8217;incidenza della fascite plantare era statisticamente correlata a (Figura 11):<sup id=\"cite_ref-:23_45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-45\">(45)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anni di attivit\u00e0<\/li>\n<li>Giorni di allenamento a settimana (&gt;6 giorni\/settimana)<\/li>\n<li>Numero di chilometri a settimana (&gt;60 km\/settimana)<\/li>\n<li>Altezza dell&#8217;atleta<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Running_and_PHP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Running_and_PHP.jpg\/400px-Running_and_PHP.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Running_and_PHP.jpg\/600px-Running_and_PHP.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Running_and_PHP.jpg\/800px-Running_and_PHP.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Corsa e PHP.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 11<\/b>. Fattori che influenzano l&#8217;insorgenza della fascite plantare nei runner <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:23_45-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-45\">(45)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Per questi atleti non sono state trovate relazioni statisticamente significative tra et\u00e0, peso e IMC.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:23_45-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:23-45\">(45)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Anche se esiste una forte associazione tra l&#8217;aumento dell&#8217;IMC e la PHPS nella popolazione non atletica<sup id=\"cite_ref-:22_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:22-43\">(43)<\/a><\/sup>, sembrano esserci due popolazioni distinte affette da PHPS: gli individui sedentari con un IMC pi\u00f9 elevato e gli atleti con un IMC corretto e un livello di attivit\u00e0 elevato (Figura 12).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:21_42-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:21-42\">(42)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8f\/PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg\/400px-PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8f\/PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg\/600px-PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8f\/PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg\/800px-PHPS_BMI_and_sports.jpg 2x\" alt=\"PHPS BMI e sport.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 12<\/b>. Relazione tra PHPS, IMC e sport <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<p>Per quanto riguarda le evidenze, la partecipazione allo sport sembra proteggere dalla PHPS, ma un&#8217;attivit\u00e0 intensa e prolungata pu\u00f2 anche diventare la causa della PHPS.<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Activities_Related_to_Standing_Time\" class=\"mw-headline\">Attivit\u00e0 legate al tempo in piedi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Attivit\u00e0 legate al tempo in piedi\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Attivit\u00e0 legate al tempo in piedi\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">modifica fonte<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>La posizione eretta prolungata viene spesso proposta come fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo della PHPS. Il tempo trascorso in piedi, tuttavia, non \u00e8 facile da valutare e tra gli studi sono stati utilizzati metodi diversi per valutarne l&#8217;impatto: la maggior parte degli studi non ha riportato alcuna relazione significativa tra il tempo trascorso in piedi e la PHPS (Figura 13).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_20-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:14_24-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:14-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:16_25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:16-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:18_30-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:18-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:19_32-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:19-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/32\/Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg\/400px-Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/32\/Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg\/600px-Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/32\/Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg\/800px-Activity_level_-_standing_time_and_PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Livello di attivit\u00e0 - tempo in piedi e PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 13<\/b>. Evidenze della relazione tra tempo trascorso in piedi e PHPS <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5><span id=\"Mental_Health\" class=\"mw-headline\">Salute mentale<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modificare la sezione: Salute mentale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modificare la sezione: Salute mentale\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>L&#8217;associazione tra disturbi psicologici e dolore muscoloscheletrico \u00e8 stata stabilita da numerosi studi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:24_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-46\">(46)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:25_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-47\">(47)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:26_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-48\">(48)<\/a><\/sup> I fattori psicologici, come ansia, depressione e stress, sono stati identificati come forti fattori di rischio per il dolore e la disabilit\u00e0.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:24_46-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-46\">(46)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:26_48-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-48\">(48)<\/a><\/sup> Anche nel piede e nella caviglia \u00e8 stata riscontrata un&#8217;associazione tra ansia, depressione e dolore cronico al piede e alla caviglia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:24_46-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-46\">(46)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:26_48-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-48\">(48)<\/a><\/sup> Cotchett et al.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:25_47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-47\">(47)<\/a><\/sup> hanno anche riportato che i sintomi di depressione, ansia e stress sono associati in modo indipendente al PHP. Questa associazione \u00e8 stata riscontrata anche nel piede e nella caviglia (Figura 14).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:24_46-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:24-46\">(46)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:25_47-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:25-47\">(47)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:26_48-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:26-48\">(48)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f8\/Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg\/400px-Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f8\/Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg\/600px-Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f8\/Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg\/800px-Mental_health_and_PHPS.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Salute mentale e PHPS.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"720\"><\/a><b>Figura 14<\/b>. Studi sull&#8217;associazione tra salute mentale e PHPS <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_12-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Esiste quindi un legame tra la salute mentale e la PHPS, anche se potrebbe non essere la causa principale della PHPS.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Conclusion\" class=\"mw-headline\">Conclusione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Conclusion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Conclusion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>La PHPS \u00e8 una condizione complessa e multifattoriale che colpisce diversi tessuti.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup> Sono stati proposti numerosi fattori intrinseci ed estrinseci da associare allo sviluppo della PHPS, molti dei quali con risultati incoerenti. Di tutti i fattori di rischio valutati, solo lo spessore della fascia plantare, l&#8217;aumento dell&#8217;IMC e, in parte, la salute mentale sono stati associati in modo coerente alla PHPS.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-2\">1.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Rome K, Howe T, Haslock I. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1054\/foot.2001.0698\" rel=\"nofollow\">Risk factors associated with the development of plantar heel pain in athletes<\/a>. The foot. 2001 Sep 1;11(3):119-25.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-2\">2.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-3\">2.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-4\">2.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-5\">2.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-6\">2.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-7\">2.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Menz HB, Thomas MJ, Marshall M, Rathod-Mistry T, Hall A, Chesterton LS, Peat GM, Roddy E. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/key266.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAtYwggLSBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggLDMIICvwIBADCCArgGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYLjjANuFy7ocZfHtAgEQgIICiUoSfXCFFx13Cn1b7aD2qacIVmgch2mxyoM6Ls7eIgWZtzzmZKHYHD6sKOphUEGitjBggNNK2d50S5pDTt7HbOGSYMOlpjMFceRPkpmKtGBEGphiTIxoH1BO6Dh1Rsemiogee396sZ_aCRq7ppVy_9FyoCfm75xQE_bkDeON9W6SvN_oUA-wPsNJDI9xrq6H5gSC1xV7VAl34N_MGncv8maTC2O9fAZ1KVPJf23HdKJw0oODp7DAkXYqb3UsU2tJyl27c41LFscHiE6di6DqVkxwygbJMsZF0cRR1mSaIBb15zspCnvsgEKYUirejEm9oEbnBB47DXHhewEu4clnNanwszJYtDYfghVkvo4Uqxp6HEaOITDsmB4b2JC9OE9P0YOFqdeHHPAULPyRngcNwXwtoNXcbM2oo8k0HEnRUcw63dOk65GOJzmJFBPqCK762CVoDX0fCKcDKozj4loGpH44aZgYI9wU8idypgHauZlEoNmYcJ093FLCdUH9p-0TQvTQADDrJOXE_2ARyWQQwru0WgTJSSYZZhlD2gPJHY_jEbPqFen32Sj1TFv278h45i0eME6OjxSvkh7Ya_6a3hsk9gbOmHTV2Wj02BjOoOwyBu9GVXaRpUhxh_H2LdSSIa-Ua8jI5crnaFrAm6WfqYPGULnwzmLWac8E06sa3b6K2_9mgyzLEGB8GRLB8jhxBrPWOBTxGIBII4wBUU5VbLsW9uYGjePTIa3Ol397m4zSdvIHm8L2-i_FO7jrpcDAO3ERpNP26nnXxnhu6LPd15awqS8LAMfBuYIwY3dNFP-LUkJhdmiIPYFCKypSeGlRmscy0YrYcixvvFLYXHOkgEpYaRhhZpxqOQE\" rel=\"nofollow\">Coexistence of plantar calcaneal spurs and plantar fascial thickening in individuals with plantar heel pain<\/a>. Rheumatology. 2019 Feb 1;58(2):237-45.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Trojian T, Tucker AK. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/afp\/2019\/0615\/afp20190615p744.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Plantar fasciitis<\/a>. American family physician. 2019 Jun 15;99(12):744-50.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_4-3\">4.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Valizadeh MA, Afshar A, Hassani E, Tabrizi A, Rezalo S, Dourandish N. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5970288\/pdf\/aapm-08-01-64357.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Relationship between anthropometric findings and results of corticosteroid injections treatment in chronic plantar heel pain<\/a>. Anesthesiology and pain medicine. 2018 Feb;8(1).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_5-0\">5.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_5-1\">5.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Landorf KB, Kaminski MR, Munteanu SE, Zammit GV, Menz HB. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-85520-y.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Clinical measures of foot posture and ankle joint dorsiflexion do not differ in adults with and without plantar heel pain<\/a>. Scientific Reports. 2021 Mar 19;11(1):1-8.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-3\">6.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-4\">6.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-5\">6.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-6\">6.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-7\">6.7<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-8\">6.8<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_6-9\">6.9<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Sullivan J, Pappas E, Burns J. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/reader.elsevier.com\/reader\/sd\/pii\/S0958259219300835?token=26ACF8A46B42C1268271282178846E9422CF1631EF953783EEDB633963DB9FAC58E48E8B566E05F7D65DA2407C748141&amp;originRegion=us-east-1&amp;originCreation=20210607213947\" rel=\"nofollow\">Role of mechanical factors in the clinical presentation of plantar heel pain: implications for management<\/a>. The Foot. 2020 Mar 1;42:101636. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Allam AE, Chang KV. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499868\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Plantar Heel Pain<\/a>. StatPearls (Internet). 2021 Feb 5.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hogan KK, Prince JA, Hoch MC. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1466853X19303177\" rel=\"nofollow\">The evaluation of the foot core system in individuals with plantar heel pain<\/a>. 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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003(3).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">McPoil TG, Martin RL, Cornwall MW, Wukich DK, Irrgang JJ, Godges JJ. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jospt.org\/doi\/10.2519\/jospt.2008.0302\" rel=\"nofollow\">Heel pain\u2014plantar fasciitis<\/a>. journal of orthopaedic &amp; sports physical therapy. 2008 Apr;38(4):A1-8.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-0\">12.00<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-1\">12.01<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-2\">12.02<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-3\">12.03<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-4\">12.04<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-5\">12.05<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-6\">12.06<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-7\">12.07<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-8\">12.08<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-9\">12.09<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-10\">12.10<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-11\">12.11<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-12\">12.12<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-13\">12.13<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-14\">12.14<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-15\">12.15<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-16\">12.16<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-17\">12.17<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-18\">12.18<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_12-19\">12.19<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Bernice Saban. 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Musculoskeletal Care. 2018 Sep;16(3):329-38. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20241030092616 Cache expiry: 0 Reduced expiry: true Complications: (show\u2010toc) CPU time usage: 0.245 seconds Real time usage: 0.261 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1016\/1000000 Post\u2010expand include size: 110\/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3\/100 Expensive parser function count: 0\/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0\/20 Unstrip post\u2010expand size: 41424\/5000000 bytes --><br \/>\n<!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 9.625 1 Special:Contributors\/Risk_Factors_for_the_Development_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_Syndrome_-_A_Literature_Review 100.00% 9.625 1 -total --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redazione originale &#8211; Merinda Rodseth sulla base di un corso di Bernice Saban Collaboratori principali &#8211; Merinda Rodseth, Kim Jackson, Jess Bell e Tarina van der Stockt Contenuti 1 Introduzione 2 Fattori intrinseci al livello del piede 2.1 Sperone calcaneare 2.2 Cuscinetto per il tallone 2.3 Spessore della fascia plantare 3 Fattori intrinseci legati all&#8217;anatomia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11147","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11147"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11168,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11147\/revisions\/11168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}