{"id":10907,"date":"2024-10-09T16:01:25","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T16:01:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/the-physiotherapy-management-of-thalassaemia-and-sickle-cell-anaemia-it\/"},"modified":"2026-02-02T14:32:47","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T14:32:47","slug":"the-physiotherapy-management-of-thalassaemia-and-sickle-cell-anaemia-it","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/the-physiotherapy-management-of-thalassaemia-and-sickle-cell-anaemia-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Gestione fisioterapica della talassemia e dell&#8217;anemia falciforme"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Redazione originale<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/instructor\/alaa-kora\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alaa Kora<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Contributori principali<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Mariam Hashem\" href=\"\/User:Mariam_Hashem\"><bdi>Mariam Hashem<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Tarina van der Stockt\" href=\"\/User:Tarina_van_der_Stockt\"><bdi>Tarina van der Stockt<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\" href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda hampton<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Aminat Abolade\" href=\"\/User:Aminat_Abolade\"><bdi>Aminat Abolade<\/bdi><\/a> e <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Stacy Schiurring\" href=\"\/User:Stacy_Schiurring\"><bdi>Stacy Schiurring<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenuti<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Thalassaemia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Talassemia<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Symptoms_&amp;_Complications\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Sintomi e complicazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Sickle_Cell_Anaemia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Anemia falciforme<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Classification\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Classificazione<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Manifestations\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Manifestazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Diagnosis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Diagnosi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Medical_Management\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Gestione medica <\/span> <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Role_of_Physiotherapy_in_the_management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ruolo della fisioterapia nella gestione della talassemia e dell&#8217;anemia falciforme<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Benefits_of_Physical_Activity\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Benefici dell&#8217;attivit\u00e0 fisica<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Pain_Management\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Gestione del dolore<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Pulmonary_Functions\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Funzioni polmonari<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Whole_Body_Vibration\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Vibrazione su tutto il corpo<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Fluidotherapy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fluidoterapia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Hydrotherapy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Idroterapia<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citazioni<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Thalassaemia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Talassemia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Talassemia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Talassemia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumbnail tright\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/be\/IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg\/600px-IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/be\/IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg\/900px-IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/be\/IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg\/1200px-IMAGE_Thalassaemia_Shutterstock_License_Download.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"363\" data-file-width=\"5083\" data-file-height=\"3076\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p>La talassemia \u00e8 una delle malattie <a title=\"Genetic Conditions and Inheritance\" href=\"\/Genetic_Conditions_and_Inheritance\">ereditarie<\/a> pi\u00f9 comuni. Viene definita una malattia del <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/002052.htm#:~:text=Autosomal%20recessive%20is%20one%20of,disease%20or%20trait%20to%20develop.\" rel=\"nofollow\">sangue autosomica recessiva<\/a>. Ci\u00f2 significa che, affinch\u00e9 il tratto o la malattia si sviluppi, devono essere presenti due copie del gene anormale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> Inoltre, non ha preferenze di genere.<\/p>\n<p>La malattia deriva da una riduzione o dall&#8217;assenza nella produzione delle catene globiniche che compongono l&#8217;emoglobina (Hb), con conseguente distruzione anormale degli eritrociti e conseguente diminuzione dell&#8217;apporto di ossigeno.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> Di conseguenza, i pazienti hanno una serie di sintomi e complicazioni che impongono un notevole carico sugli individui e sui sistemi di assistenza sanitaria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Il termine talassemia deriva dalla parola greca &#8220;Thalassa&#8221; che significa &#8220;mare&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup> Viene anche chiamata &#8220;anemia mediterranea&#8221;. Colpisce principalmente gli individui originari dell&#8217;area mediterranea, del Medio Oriente, della Transcaucasia, dell&#8217;Asia centrale, del subcontinente indiano e del sud-est asiatico.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Esistono due tipi di talassemia: \u03b1- e \u03b2- a seconda del tipo di catena globinica coinvolta. L&#8217;alfa-talassemia si sviluppa quando viene colpito il gene alfa e, allo stesso modo, nella beta-talassemia, la catena globinica che viene colpita o l&#8217;emoglobina anormale coinvolta \u00e8 il gene beta-globina.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Il tasso di <a title=\"Epidemiologia, incidenza e carico globale dell'ictus\" href=\"\/Epidemiology,_Incidence_and_Global_Burden_of_Stroke\">prevalenza<\/a> \u00e8 di circa 4,4 ogni 10.000 nati vivi a livello globale e circa il 5% di tutta la popolazione.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Si stima che ci siano 270 milioni di portatori dei geni dell&#8217;alfa-talassemia. Oltre il 95% dei bambini affetti da alfa-talassemia sono asiatici, indiani o mediorientali.<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup> Circa 80-90 milioni di persone sono portatrici dei geni della beta-talassemia, pari a circa l&#8217;1%-1,5% della popolazione mondiale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u00c8 stato stimato che, a livello globale, ogni anno 9 milioni di donne portatrici di talassemia e di <a title=\"Anemia\" href=\"\/Anaemia\">anemia<\/a> falciforme rimangono incinte.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JxuupecxHO8?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b>Clinicamente,<\/b> la talassemia viene classificata in tre forme<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Talassemia major: si tratta di una grave forma di anemia in cui i pazienti necessitano di continue trasfusioni di sangue per tutta la vita<\/li>\n<li>Talassemia intermedia: anemia da lieve a moderata in cui i pazienti necessitano occasionalmente di trasfusioni di sangue<\/li>\n<li>Talassemia minor o tratto talassemico: i pazienti hanno sintomi lievi e solitamente non necessitano di trasfusioni di sangue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>La catena alfa dell&#8217;emoglobina \u00e8 formata da quattro geni. L&#8217;alfa-talassemia viene classificata in base al numero di geni mutati<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Una persona \u00e8 portatrice quando un gene \u00e8 mutato<\/li>\n<li>Tratto alfa-talassemico: quando due geni sono mutati, portando a manifestazioni lievi<\/li>\n<li>Alfa-talassemia major: quando tre geni sono mutati, portando a sintomi da moderati a gravi<\/li>\n<li>Raramente, quattro geni potrebbero essere mutati, portando a una morte precoce<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>La catena beta dell&#8217;emoglobina \u00e8 formata da due geni<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<p>La beta-talassemia minor si sviluppa quando un gene \u00e8 mutato. I pazienti accusano sintomi lievi.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;anemia di Cooley o beta-talassemia major si sviluppa quando due geni sono mutati, portando a manifestazioni da moderate a gravi<\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 902px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Thalassaemia_class_2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/37\/Thalassaemia_class_2.png\/900px-Thalassaemia_class_2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/37\/Thalassaemia_class_2.png\/1350px-Thalassaemia_class_2.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/37\/Thalassaemia_class_2.png\/1800px-Thalassaemia_class_2.png 2x\" alt=\"Talassemia classe 2.png\" width=\"900\" height=\"454\" data-file-width=\"1929\" data-file-height=\"973\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Symptoms_.26_Complications\"><\/span><span id=\"Symptoms_&amp;_Complications\" class=\"mw-headline\">Sintomi e complicazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Sintomi e complicazioni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Sintomi e complicazioni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">modifica fonte<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La gravit\u00e0 dei sintomi dipende dal tipo e dal numero di geni mutati. La talassemia ha diversi <b>sintomi<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dolore<\/li>\n<li>Fatica<\/li>\n<li>Ossa fragili<\/li>\n<li>Scarso appetito<\/li>\n<li>Predisposizione alle infezioni<\/li>\n<li>Urina scura<\/li>\n<li>Debolezza generalizzata del corpo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Complicazioni<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Anemia?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">Anemia<\/a> dovuta alla carenza di emoglobina<\/li>\n<li>Epatosplenomegalia: ingrossamento anormale dell&#8217;addome<\/li>\n<li>Sovraccarico di ferro come conseguenza di ripetute trasfusioni di sangue. Di conseguenza, il paziente potrebbe sviluppare ulteriori complicazioni, come ad esempio:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Metabolic\/Endocrine_Disorders?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">Complicazioni endocrine<\/a> come <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Diabetes?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">diabete,<\/a> intolleranza al glucosio, diminuzione della produzione dell&#8217;ormone della crescita e ipogonadismo<\/li>\n<li>Disturbi cardiaci, ad esempio <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Introduction_to_Congestive_Heart_Failure?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">insufficienza cardiaca congestizia<\/a> o <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Heart_Arrhythmias:_Assessment?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">aritmie<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Disturbi epatici come la cirrosi e predisposizione ad avere l&#8217;HCV<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Diagnosi<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><b>:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>La diagnosi si basa sulla conta dei globuli rossi (RBC).<\/p>\n<p>Altri esami importanti per la diagnosi della talassemia sono il test genetico, l&#8217;elettroforesi dell&#8217;emoglobina e la conta dei reticolociti (il numero di giovani RBC formati dal <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Bone_Marrow?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">midollo osseo)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Gestione medica<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><b>:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Sebbene la talassemia abbia un&#8217;ampia gamma di sintomi e classificazioni, ci sono dei principi generali per la gestione medica.<\/p>\n<p>Una diagnosi accurata \u00e8 fondamentale. La storia familiare dovrebbe essere documentata e studiata per aiutare a valutare i rischi relativi e le decisioni future della famiglia. La gestione medica comprende<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trasfusioni regolari con osservazioni per evitare complicazioni inutili <sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Anche gli integratori di acido folico sono inclusi nella gestione a lungo termine<\/li>\n<li>Chelazione, che si riferisce all&#8217;estrazione del ferro in eccesso per prevenire il sovraccarico di ferro<\/li>\n<li>Trapianto di cellule staminali<\/li>\n<li>Terapia genetica<\/li>\n<li>Trapianto di midollo osseo<\/li>\n<li>Terapia psicologica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Sickle_Cell_Anaemia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Anemia falciforme<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Anemia falciforme\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Anemia falciforme\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 602px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Sickle_Cell_block.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Sickle_Cell_block.jpg\/600px-Sickle_Cell_block.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Sickle_Cell_block.jpg\/900px-Sickle_Cell_block.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Sickle_Cell_block.jpg\/1200px-Sickle_Cell_block.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Blocco falciforme.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"394\" data-file-width=\"1995\" data-file-height=\"1311\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>L&#8217;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Sickle_Cell_Anemia?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">anemia falciforme<\/a> \u00e8 un gruppo di malattie del sangue <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/002052.htm#:~:text=Autosomal%20recessive%20is%20one%20of,disease%20or%20trait%20to%20develop.\" rel=\"nofollow\">ereditarie autosomiche recessive<\/a> caratterizzate dalla presenza di molecole di emoglobina atipiche (emoglobina S) che portano alla distorsione dei globuli rossi\/eritrociti in una forma a falce o a mezzaluna. \u00c8 caratterizzata dalla presenza di emoglobina anormale, dall&#8217;eccessiva distruzione degli eritrociti. Gli eritrociti a forma di mezzaluna o di falce sono approssimativamente di 15 micron.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;anemia falciforme fu diagnosticata per la prima volta nel 1910 dal dottor Ernest che descrisse i globuli rossi di un paziente con sintomi di anemia come &#8220;a forma di falce&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZSpFVPBEeLk?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;anemia falciforme viene ereditata in modo autosomico recessivo per via di una mutazione del gene HBB che porta alla produzione di Emoglobina S<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 302px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Sickle_Cell_Anemia_inheritance_model.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Sickle_Cell_Anemia_inheritance_model.jpg\/300px-Sickle_Cell_Anemia_inheritance_model.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Sickle_Cell_Anemia_inheritance_model.jpg\/450px-Sickle_Cell_Anemia_inheritance_model.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/7\/76\/Sickle_Cell_Anemia_inheritance_model.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Modello di eredit\u00e0 dell'anemia falciforme.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"298\" data-file-width=\"570\" data-file-height=\"566\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>L&#8217;anemia falciforme colpisce principalmente le persone di origine africana, ma si \u00e8 diffusa a livello globale. Il tasso di prevalenza stimato \u00e8 di 250.000 bambini che nascono ogni anno con l&#8217;anemia falciforme in tutto il mondo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup> Circa l&#8217;1% di tutti i bambini nati in Africa eredita la malattia dell&#8217;anemia falciforme, che causa il 6-15% di tutti i decessi nei bambini di et\u00e0 inferiore ai 5 anni.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup> I disturbi autosomici recessivi non hanno preferenze di genere.<\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"thumb tnone\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 702px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:SC_prevelence.PNG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/91\/SC_prevelence.PNG\/700px-SC_prevelence.PNG\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/9\/91\/SC_prevelence.PNG 1.5x\" alt=\"SC prevelence.PNG\" width=\"700\" height=\"372\" data-file-width=\"796\" data-file-height=\"423\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Classification\" class=\"mw-headline\">Classificazione<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Classification\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Classification\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Esistono diversi tipi di anemia falciforme, ma i pi\u00f9 comuni sono l&#8217;anemia falciforme (SS), la malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina C falciforme (SC), la talassemia falciforme beta plus e la talassemia falciforme beta 0.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>La malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina falciforme D (emoglobina SD), l&#8217;emoglobina SE e la malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina falciforme O (emoglobina SO) sono meno comuni e solitamente meno gravi.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Tipo<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Ereditariet\u00e0<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Popolazione<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Caratteristiche<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Gravit\u00e0<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Anemia falciforme (SS), nota anche come malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina SS<\/th>\n<td>Il bambino eredita una sostituzione dei geni della beta-globina (il gene delle cellule falciformi) da ciascun genitore<\/td>\n<td>Discendenti africani e indiani<\/td>\n<td>Il tipo pi\u00f9 comune<\/td>\n<td>Il tipo pi\u00f9 grave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina falciforme C (SC), nota come malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina SC<\/th>\n<td>Il bambino eredita il gene dell&#8217;emoglobina beta S da un genitore e il gene dell&#8217;emoglobina C dall&#8217;altro<\/td>\n<td>Discendenti dell&#8217;Africa occidentale, del Mediterraneo e del Medio Oriente<\/td>\n<td>\u00c8 il secondo tipo pi\u00f9 comune di anemia falciforme . Viene prodotta una parte di emoglobina beta normale, ma in quantit\u00e0 ridotte<\/td>\n<td>Poich\u00e9 vi \u00e8 la produzione di una parte di emoglobina normale, questo porta ad una forma meno grave della malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina SS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Talassemia falciforme beta-plus nota come S-beta-talassemia<\/th>\n<td>Il bambino eredita il gene dell&#8217;emoglobina S-beta da un genitore e il gene dell&#8217;emoglobina beta-plus-talassemia dall&#8217;altro genitore<\/td>\n<td>Discendenti del Mediterraneo e dei Caraibi<\/td>\n<td>Viene prodotta una parte di emoglobina beta normale, ma in quantit\u00e0 ridotte<\/td>\n<td>Si tratta di un tipo meno grave della malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina SS. I sintomi sono pi\u00f9 lievi rispetto all&#8217;anemia falciforme (SS) e alla malattia dell&#8217;emoglobina C falciforme (SC), ma si possono comunque sviluppare delle complicazioni<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Talassemia falciforme beta 0<\/th>\n<td>L&#8217;emoglobina S viene ereditata da un genitore e la mutazione del gene dell&#8217;emoglobina beta-0-talassemia viene ereditata dall&#8217;altro genitore.<\/td>\n<td>Arabia Saudita orientale<\/td>\n<td>Ha sintomi simili all&#8217;anemia falciforme (SS). Il corpo produce solo emoglobina S.<\/td>\n<td>Meno grave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span id=\"Manifestations\" class=\"mw-headline\">Manifestazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Manifestazioni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Manifestazioni\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La gravit\u00e0 dell&#8217;anemia falciforme varia da persona a persona. Le persone affette dalla malattia a cellule falciformi possono manifestare segni, sintomi e complicazioni acute e croniche.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_6-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b>Segni e sintomi<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Hepatitis_A,_B,_C?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ittero<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Fatica<\/li>\n<li>Dattilite (gonfiore di un dito)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Complicazioni<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><b>:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sindrome toracica acuta<\/li>\n<li>Crisi di dolore acuto<\/li>\n<li>Complicazioni cerebrali, ad esempio un ictus clinico\/silente<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Chronic_Pain?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">Dolore cronico<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ritardo nella crescita e nella pubert\u00e0<\/li>\n<li>Problemi agli occhi<\/li>\n<li>Calcoli biliari<\/li>\n<li>Problemi cardiaci<\/li>\n<li>Infezioni<\/li>\n<li>Complicazioni articolari<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Complicazioni <a title=\"Kidney\" href=\"\/Kidney\">renali<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Ulcere croniche alle gambe\" href=\"\/Chronic_Leg_Ulcers\">Ulcere<\/a> alle gambe<\/li>\n<li>Complicazioni <a title=\"Liver Disease\" href=\"\/Liver_Disease\">epatiche<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Complicazioni della gravidanza<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Diagnosis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Diagnosi<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Diagnosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Diagnosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Gli esami del sangue pi\u00f9 comuni utilizzati per la diagnosi dell&#8217;anemia falciforme sono<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Elettroforesi dell&#8217;emoglobina<\/li>\n<li>Cromatografia liquida ad alte performance (HPLC)<\/li>\n<li>Test dell&#8217;acido desossiribonucleico (DNA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Medical_Management\" class=\"mw-headline\">Gestione medica <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Medical Management\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Medical Management\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La trasfusione di sangue e il trapianto di cellule staminali sono utilizzati nella gestione dell&#8217;anemia falciforme.<\/p>\n<p>Inoltre, i <b>farmaci<\/b> sono utilizzati principalmente per ridurre la frequenza delle crisi di dolore nell&#8217;anemia falciforme<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Idrossiurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos)<\/li>\n<li>L-glutammina in polvere per via orale (Endari)<\/li>\n<li>Crizanlizumab (Adakveo)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Pain Medications\" href=\"\/Pain_Medications\">Farmaci antidolorifici<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Voxelotor (Oxbryta) -&gt; Migliora l&#8217;anemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Role_of_Physiotherapy_in_the_management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ruolo della fisioterapia nella gestione della talassemia e dell&#8217;anemia falciforme<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Ruolo della fisioterapia nella gestione della talassemia e dell'anemia falciforme\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Ruolo della fisioterapia nella gestione della talassemia e dell'anemia falciforme\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>La fisioterapia pu\u00f2 aiutare nella gestione dei sintomi della talassemia e dell&#8217;anemia falciforme. <sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup> \u00c8 stato dimostrato che la talassemia ha un impatto negativo sul dolore, sulla forza muscolare, sulla capacit\u00e0 funzionale e sulla qualit\u00e0 della vita in termini di funzionamento fisico, emotivo, sociale e scolastico rispetto ai bambini sani.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">(33)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Benefits_of_Physical_Activity\" class=\"mw-headline\">Benefici dell&#8217;attivit\u00e0 fisica<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Benefits of Physical Activity\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Benefits of Physical Activity\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">modifica fonte<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>I bambini affetti da talassemia e da anemia falciforme hanno una scarsa <a title=\"Attivit\u00e0 fisica\" href=\"\/Physical_Activity\">attivit\u00e0 fisica<\/a>. Gli esercizi di intensit\u00e0 da bassa a moderata possono essere utili per migliorare l&#8217;attivit\u00e0 fisica e migliorare la resistenza ossea.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-34\">(34)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Il Center for Disease Control (CDC) raccomanda<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\">(35)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>60 minuti di attivit\u00e0 fisica al giorno per i bambini e gli adolescenti affetti da talassemia o 12.000-15.000 passi al giorno<\/li>\n<li>Un minimo di 150 minuti di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Physical_Activity?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">attivit\u00e0<\/a> moderata (incluse attivit\u00e0 aerobiche, di rinforzo muscolare e osseo) a settimana per gli adulti con talassemia o 10 000 passi al giorno<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uno studio sull&#8217;anemia falciforme ha suddiviso 40 pazienti in maniera casuale in due gruppi. Ad un gruppo \u00e8 stato assegnato di seguire la propria normale routine quotidiana, mentre al secondo gruppo sono stati assegnati 40 minuti di allenamento sulla cyclette ad intensit\u00e0 moderata tre volte alla settimana. Dopo otto settimane, sono state prelevate delle biopsie dai muscoli della coscia dei partecipanti. I campioni hanno mostrato che il gruppo di esercizi ha avuto un aumento significativo della densit\u00e0 dei capillari, un aumento del numero di capillari intorno alla fibra muscolare e un aumento dell&#8217;area di superficie attraverso la quale l&#8217;ossigeno e le sostanze nutritive possono fluire tra il sangue e il muscolo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-34\">(34)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u00c8 stato dimostrato che un programma di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Aerobic_Exercise?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">esercizio aerobico<\/a> di otto settimane riduce la ferritina e aumenta la capacit\u00e0 di legame del ferro nelle ragazze con talassemia minor.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\">(36)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Pain_Management\" class=\"mw-headline\">Gestione del dolore<\/span> <span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Pain Management\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Pain Management\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Uno dei problemi pi\u00f9 comuni nei pazienti affetti da talassemia e anemia falciforme \u00e8 il dolore.<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">(37)<\/a><\/sup> La fisioterapia pu\u00f2 aiutare i pazienti a gestire il dolore utilizzando diverse tecniche e strategie:<\/p>\n<p><b>Esercizi di respirazione<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Una respirazione regolare pu\u00f2 aiutare a ridurre il dolore da catetere nei bambini affetti da talassemia<sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">(38)<\/a><\/sup>. \u00c8 stato inoltre riscontrato che gli <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Diaphragmatic_Breathing_Exercises?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">esercizi di respirazione<\/a> aiutano con il dolore durante la venipuntura grazie al loro effetto analgesico<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-39\">(39)<\/a><\/sup>. Questo effetto pu\u00f2 essere ottenuto anche quando vengono combinati con la <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Spirometry?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">spirometria.<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-40\">(40)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b>Tecniche di distrazione:<\/b> come gli esercizi di respirazione e la creazione di bolle di sapone si sono dimostrate in grado di ridurre il dolore da inserimento del catetere nei bambini affetti da talassemia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_39-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-39\">(39)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-40\">(40)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Transcutaneous_Electrical_Nerve_Stimulation_(TENS)?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">La stimolazione elettrica transcutanea dei nervi (TENS)<\/a><\/b> \u00e8 stata utilizzata in una serie di condizioni dolorose acute e croniche, ma non \u00e8 ancora stata studiata nelle crisi di dolore della malattia delle cellule a falce.<sup id=\"cite_ref-41\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-41\">(41)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Pulmonary_Functions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Funzioni polmonari<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Funzioni polmonari\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Funzioni polmonari\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Le <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Pulmonary_Function_Test?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">funzioni polmonari<\/a> e la capacit\u00e0 polmonare sono risultate ridotte nei pazienti affetti da talassemia e anemia falciforme, come la capacit\u00e0 vitale forzata (FVC), il flusso espiratorio forzato nel primo secondo (FEV 1), la capacit\u00e0 funzionale, la soglia anaerobica e il polso di <sub>O2<\/sub>, indicando una disfunzione polmonare restrittiva.<sup id=\"cite_ref-42\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-42\">(42)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\">(43)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Whole_Body_Vibration\" class=\"mw-headline\">Vibrazione su tutto il corpo<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Vibrazione corpo intero\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">modifica<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Vibrazione corpo intero\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">fonte edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In uno studio condotto su 39 bambini affetti da beta-talassemia major, \u00e8 stato dimostrato che le vibrazioni su tutto il corpo migliorano la densit\u00e0 minerale ossea e la capacit\u00e0 funzionale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\">(44)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Fluidotherapy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fluidoterapia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fluidoterapia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Fluidoterapia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La fluidoterapia \u00e8 una modalit\u00e0 di calore ad alta intensit\u00e0 che consiste in un vortice secco di particelle solide finemente suddivise e sospese in un flusso d&#8217;aria riscaldata. La miscela ha le propriet\u00e0 dei liquidi e fornisce una stimolazione tattile, consentendo al contempo lo spazio per eseguire un range di movimento attivo.<sup id=\"cite_ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\">(45)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>La fluidoterapia\u00ae ha dimostrato di ridurre i tempi di ospedalizzazione e la dipendenza da analgesici. Ha anche migliorato il range di movimento articolare e l&#8217;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Gait?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">andatura<\/a> nei pazienti affetti da anemia falciforme.<sup id=\"cite_ref-46\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-46\">(46)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_NAYuPgfgp0?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">(47)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Hydrotherapy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Idroterapia<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Modifica la sezione: Idroterapia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Modifica la sezione: Idroterapia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Uno studio ha analizzato un programma di <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/physio-pedia.com\/Hydrotherapy_Risk_Management?utm_source=physiopedia&amp;utm_medium=search&amp;utm_campaign=ongoing_internal\" rel=\"nofollow\">idroterapia<\/a> che consiste in esercizi di stretching, aerobica e rilassamento in acqua calda (34\u00b0C) per 45 minuti, due volte a settimana, per 10 sessioni. Lo studio ha riportato un miglioramento della forza muscolare, della qualit\u00e0 della vita e una diminuzione del dolore.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">(48)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Citazioni<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/002052.htm#:~:text=Autosomal%20recessive%20is%20one%20of,disease%20or%20trait%20to%20develop.\" rel=\"nofollow\">Autosomal recessive<\/a>. Medline Plus. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Medline Plus. Thalassemia (Internet). US National Library of Medicine. 2020 (cited 2020 Jul 21). Available from: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/000587.htm<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cao A, Kan YW. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org\/content\/3\/2\/a011775.short\" rel=\"nofollow\">The prevention of thalassemia. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine.<\/a> 2013 Feb 1;3(2):a011775.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lai K, Huang G, Su L, He Y. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-00967-2\" rel=\"nofollow\">The prevalence of thalassemia in mainland China: evidence from epidemiological surveys.<\/a> Scientific reports. 2017 Apr 19;7(1):1-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Saggar SA. Thalassemia: Cultural and Historical Perspectives (Internet). Science Museum. 2019 (cited 2020 Jul 12). Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/thalassemia-cultural-and-historical-perspectives\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/thalassemia-cultural-and-historical-perspectives\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-3\">6.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-4\">6.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-5\">6.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-6\">6.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_6-7\">6.7<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kora A. The Physiotherapy Management of Thalassaemia and Sickle Cell Anaemia. Plus Course 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Aszhari FR, Rustam Z, Subroto F, Semendawai AS. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1490\/1\/012050\/meta\" rel=\"nofollow\">Classification of thalassemia data using random forest algorithm.<\/a> InJournal of Physics: Conference Series 2020 Mar 1 (Vol. 1490, No. 1, p. 012050). IOP Publishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cheerva A. What is the global prevalence of alpha thalassemia syndromes? (Internet). Medscape. 2018 (cited 2020 Jul 18). Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/answers\/955496-156159\/what-is-the-global-prevalence-of-alpha-thalassemia--thalassemia-syndromes\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/answers\/955496-156159\/what-is-the-global-prevalence-of-alpha-thalassemia&#8211;thalassemia-syndromes<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Prevalence and Clinical Presentation of Beta Thalassemia (Internet). HCPLive Network. 2020 (cited 2020 Jul 18). Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/rarediseases.org\/rare-diseases\/thalassemia-major\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/rarediseases.org\/rare-diseases\/thalassemia-major\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Modell B, Darlison M. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scielosp.org\/article\/bwho\/2008.v86n6\/480-487\/en\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators.<\/a> Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008;86:480-7.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">What is Thalassemia? . Available from:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JxuupecxHO8\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JxuupecxHO8<\/a>(last accessed 30\/09\/2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kattamis A, Kwiatkowski JL, Aydinok Y. Thalassaemia. The Lancet. 2022 Jun 9.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Thalassemia (Internet). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2020 (cited 2020 Jul 21). Available from:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/thalassemia\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354995\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/thalassemia\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354995<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nienhuis AW, Nathan DG. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org\/content\/2\/12\/a011726.short\" rel=\"nofollow\">Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of the \u03b2-thalassemias.<\/a> Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2012 Dec 1;2(12):a011726.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Clevland Clinic. Thalassemias: Diagnosis and Tests (Internet). 2020 (cited 2020 Jul 21).Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/14508-thalassemias\/diagnosis-and-tests\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/14508-thalassemias\/diagnosis-and-tests<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Olivieri NF, Brittenham GM. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org\/content\/3\/6\/a011767.short\" rel=\"nofollow\">Management of the thalassemias.<\/a> Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2013 Jun 1;3(6):a011767.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Allen A, Fisher C, Premawardhena A, Peto T, Allen S, Arambepola M, Thayalsutha V, Olivieri N, Weatherall DBlood. 2010 Dec 9; 116(24):5368-70.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Robinson IB, Sarnat BG. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsna.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1148\/58.4.517\" rel=\"nofollow\">Roentgen studies of the maxillae and mandible in sickle-cell anemia<\/a>. Radiology. 1952 Apr;58(4):517-23.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Piccin A, O&#8217;Connor\u2010Byrne N, Daves M, Lynch K, Farshbaf AD, Martin\u2010Loeches I. Autoimmune disease and sickle cell anaemia:\u2018Intersecting pathways and differential diagnosis\u2019. British Journal of Haematology. 2022 Jun;197(5):518-28.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Winter WP. A Brief History of Sickle Cell Disease (Internet). Howard University Hospitals. 2020 (cited 2020 Aug 3). 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A case report.<\/a> Genetics and Molecular Research. 2010 Jan 1:360-4. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20240926091603 Cache expiry: 0 Reduced expiry: true Complications: (show\u2010toc) CPU time usage: 0.138 seconds Real time usage: 0.145 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 640\/1000000 Post\u2010expand include size: 175\/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3\/100 Expensive parser function count: 0\/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0\/20 Unstrip post\u2010expand size: 28100\/5000000 bytes --><br \/>\n<!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 10.616 1 Special:Contributors\/The_Physiotherapy_Management_of_Thalassaemia_and_Sickle_Cell_Anaemia 100.00% 10.616 1 -total --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Redazione originale &#8211; Alaa Kora Contributori principali &#8211; Mariam Hashem, Tarina van der Stockt, Kim Jackson, Lucinda hampton, Jess Bell, Aminat Abolade e Stacy Schiurring Contenuti 1 Talassemia 1.1 Sintomi e complicazioni 2 Anemia falciforme 2.1 Classificazione 2.2 Manifestazioni 2.3 Diagnosi 2.4 Gestione medica 3 Ruolo della fisioterapia nella gestione della talassemia e dell&#8217;anemia falciforme [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10907","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10907","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10907"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10907\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13535,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10907\/revisions\/13535"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}