{"id":5361,"date":"2023-03-26T03:33:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-26T03:33:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/bone-fr\/"},"modified":"2024-09-17T22:20:28","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T22:20:28","slug":"bone-fr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/bone-fr\/","title":{"rendered":"Os"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>\u00c9diteurs originaux<\/b> &#8211; <a title=\"User:Candace Goh\" href=\"\/User:Candace_Goh\">Candace Goh<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Principaux collaborateurs <\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\" href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda Hampton <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Candace Goh\" href=\"\/User:Candace_Goh\"><bdi>Candace Goh <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Admin\" href=\"\/User:Admin\"><bdi>Admin <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Shaimaa Eldib\" href=\"\/User:Shaimaa_Eldib\"><bdi>Shaimaa Eldib <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Wataru Okuyama\" href=\"\/User:Wataru_Okuyama\"><bdi>Wataru Okuyama <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:George Prudden\" href=\"\/User:George_Prudden\"><bdi>George Prudden <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Claire Knott\" href=\"\/User:Claire_Knott\"><bdi>Claire Knott <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Manisha Shrestha\" href=\"\/User:Manisha_Shrestha\"><bdi>Manisha Shrestha <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Khloud Shreif\" href=\"\/User:Khloud_Shreif\"><bdi>Khloud Shreif <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Robin Tacchetti\" href=\"\/User:Robin_Tacchetti\"><bdi>Robin Tacchetti <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"Utilisateur:WikiSysop\" href=\"\/User:WikiSysop\"><bdi>WikiSysop <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Joao Costa\" href=\"\/User:Joao_Costa\"><bdi>Joao Costa <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Sai Kripa\" href=\"\/User:Sai_Kripa\"><bdi>Sai Kripa <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Tony Lowe\" href=\"\/User:Tony_Lowe\"><bdi>Tony Lowe <\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Stacy Schiurring\" href=\"\/User:Stacy_Schiurring\"><bdi>Stacy Schiurring<\/bdi><\/a> et <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Stephanie Geeurickx\" href=\"\/User:Stephanie_Geeurickx\"><bdi>Stephanie Geeurickx<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenu<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduction<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Functions_of_Bone\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Fonctions de l&rsquo;os<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Bone_Structure\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Structure de l&rsquo;os<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Bone_Types\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Types d&rsquo;os<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Gross_Anatomy_of_Long_Bones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Anatomie macroscopique de l&rsquo;os long<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Bone_Composition\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\"><b>Composition osseuse<\/b><\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Extracellular_Matrix\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Matrice extracellulaire<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Bone_Cells\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\"><b>Cellules osseuses<\/b><\/span> <\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Osteons\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ost\u00e9ons<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Bone_Marrow\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Moelle osseuse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Periosteum_and_Endosteum\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">P\u00e9rioste et endoste<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Bone_Remodelling\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Remodelage osseux<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Clinical_Significance\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Importance clinique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;os a une s\u00e9rie de fonctions de soutien, de locomotion et de r\u00e9gulation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> L&rsquo;os est un tissu conjonctif m\u00e9taboliquement actif qui se remod\u00e8le et se r\u00e9pare en permanence. Il est capable de retrouver sa pleine fonction apr\u00e8s une blessure. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-2\">(2) <\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> Pour assurer ses diff\u00e9rentes fonctions, l&rsquo;os doit \u00eatre \u00e0 la fois rigide et raide, mais aussi souple et \u00e9lastique. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>La vid\u00e9o facultative suivante donne un aper\u00e7u g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l&rsquo;anatomie du syst\u00e8me squelettique (en anglais original) :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rDGqkMHPDqE?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Functions_of_Bone\" class=\"mw-headline\">Fonctions de l&rsquo;os <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Functions of Bone\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Functions of Bone\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;os est un tissu tr\u00e8s adaptatif qui remplit toute une s\u00e9rie de fonctions, notamment : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6) <\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la protection des organes vitaux;<\/li>\n<li>le soutien et la structure : l&rsquo;os agit comme un \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9chafaudage physique\u00a0\u00bb; <sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>le mouvement et la locomotion : il fournit des sites d&rsquo;attache pour les muscles, les tendons et les ligaments;<\/li>\n<li>la conduction du son;<\/li>\n<li>h\u00e9matopo\u00ef\u00e8se (formation des cellules sanguines);<\/li>\n<li>le stockage et la lib\u00e9ration de min\u00e9raux (par exemple, calcium, phosphore);<\/li>\n<li>le stockage des graisses dans la moelle osseuse jaune;<\/li>\n<li>l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre acidobasique (pH) : les os peuvent lib\u00e9rer des sels alcalins pour maintenir un niveau de pH optimal;<\/li>\n<li>le stockage et la lib\u00e9ration p\u00e9riodique de facteurs de croissance (par exemple, le facteur de croissance analogue \u00e0 l&rsquo;insuline);<\/li>\n<li>la d\u00e9toxification : les ost\u00e9ocytes peuvent emprisonner des substances nocives, telles que des mol\u00e9cules toxiques et des m\u00e9taux lourds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Bone_Structure\" class=\"mw-headline\">Structure de l&rsquo;os <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Bone Structure\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bone Structure\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 307px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/23\/603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg\/305px-603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/23\/603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg\/459px-603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/23\/603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg\/611px-603_Anatomy_of_Long_Bone.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"305\" height=\"499\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Anatomie d&rsquo;un os long<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Deux types de tissus osseux contribuent \u00e0 ces fonctions :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>l&rsquo;os cortical (compact) <\/b>: <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>repr\u00e9sente environ 80 % de l&rsquo;ensemble des os humains<\/li>\n<li>plus solide et plus dense que l&rsquo;os spongieux<\/li>\n<li>peut r\u00e9sister aux forces de flexion, de torsion et de compression<\/li>\n<li>forme une enveloppe externe autour de l&rsquo;os spongieux et se trouve dans la diaphyse (\u00ab\u00a0tige\u00a0\u00bb) des os longs (par exemple, le f\u00e9mur, le tibia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>l&rsquo;os spongieux (trab\u00e9culaire) <\/b>: <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>repr\u00e9sente environ 20 % de l&rsquo;ensemble des os humains<\/li>\n<li>a un rapport surface\/volume plus important que l&rsquo;os cortical<\/li>\n<li>peut r\u00e9pondre plus rapidement aux changements de charge, il est donc plus dynamique que l&rsquo;os cortical<\/li>\n<li>commun dans les zones soumises \u00e0 des charges de compression (par exemple les vert\u00e8bres, le <a title=\"Bassin\" href=\"\/Pelvis\">bassin <\/a> et les m\u00e9taphyses\/\u00e9piphyses des os longs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tous les os ont un <b>int\u00e9rieur spongieux<\/b> et un <b>ext\u00e9rieur cortical<\/b>, mais la proportion et la r\u00e9partition varient selon la localisation et la fonction de l&rsquo;os. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-8\">(8) <\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Bone_Types\" class=\"mw-headline\">Types d&rsquo;os <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Bone Types\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bone Types\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 402px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Bone_Classification.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/99\/Bone_Classification.png\/400px-Bone_Classification.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/99\/Bone_Classification.png\/600px-Bone_Classification.png 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/99\/Bone_Classification.png\/800px-Bone_Classification.png 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Classification des os<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Il existe cinq types d&rsquo;os dans le corps humain : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les <b>os longs <\/b>: Ils sont plus longs que larges. Ils pr\u00e9sentent une couche corticale \u00e9paisse, en particulier dans la r\u00e9gion diaphysaire. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup> La plupart des os des membres sont des os longs (par exemple, le f\u00e9mur, l&rsquo;hum\u00e9rus). Ces os se d\u00e9veloppent par ossification endochondrale. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup> Ils supportent le poids et facilitent le mouvement.<\/li>\n<li>Les <b>os courts<\/b> : Ils ont \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s la m\u00eame longueur, la m\u00eame largeur et la m\u00eame \u00e9paisseur. Les os courts se d\u00e9veloppent \u00e9galement par ossification endochondrale. Ils ont une fine couche d&rsquo;os cortical autour de l&rsquo;os spongieux (par exemple, les os du carpe).<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Les <b>os plats<\/b> : Ils sont minces, plats et souvent incurv\u00e9s. Ils se d\u00e9veloppent par ossification intramembranaire. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup> Ils sont constitu\u00e9s de deux couches externes d&rsquo;os cortical et d&rsquo;une couche interne d&rsquo;os spongieux (par exemple, la plupart des os du cr\u00e2ne, le sternum et les c\u00f4tes). Les os plats ont souvent un r\u00f4le protecteur.<\/li>\n<li>Les <b>os s\u00e9samo\u00efdes <\/b>: Ils sont encastr\u00e9s dans les tendons (par exemple, la patella). Ils prot\u00e8gent ces tendons de l&rsquo;usure et du stress.<\/li>\n<li>Les <b>os irr\u00e9guliers<\/b> : Ce sont les os qui n&rsquo;entrent pas dans les quatre premi\u00e8res cat\u00e9gories. Ils poss\u00e8dent une fine couche d&rsquo;os cortical, qui entoure l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur spongieux (par exemple, les os de la colonne vert\u00e9brale et du bassin).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Gross_Anatomy_of_Long_Bones\" class=\"mw-headline\">Anatomie macroscopique de l&rsquo;os long <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gross Anatomy of Long Bones\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Gross Anatomy of Long Bones\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 450px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Physeal-anatomy-illustration.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/93\/Physeal-anatomy-illustration.jpeg\/374px-Physeal-anatomy-illustration.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/93\/Physeal-anatomy-illustration.jpeg 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"354\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Anatomie de la physe<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Les os longs ont trois zones anatomiques : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La <b>diaphyse <\/b>: C&rsquo;est la tige tubulaire de l&rsquo;os long. Elle comporte une r\u00e9gion creuse, appel\u00e9e cavit\u00e9 m\u00e9dullaire, qui est remplie de <a title=\"Bone Marrow\" href=\"\/Bone_Marrow\">moelle <\/a> osseuse jaune. Les \u00ab\u00a0parois\u00a0\u00bb de la diaphyse sont constitu\u00e9es d&rsquo;os cortical dense.<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La <b>m\u00e9taphyse <\/b>: C&rsquo;est la zone situ\u00e9e entre la diaphyse et l&rsquo;\u00e9piphyse. Cette zone contient la plaque de croissance \u00e9piphysaire chez l&rsquo;enfant. La plaque de croissance \u00e9piphysaire permet une croissance osseuse lin\u00e9aire. Les plaques de croissance fusionnent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 la fin de la pubert\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;<b>\u00e9piphyse<\/b> : Elle est situ\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 des os longs. C&rsquo;est un site articulaire et la principale source de moelle rouge dans les os longs. L&rsquo;\u00e9piphyse et la m\u00e9taphyse se rejoignent une fois que la plaque de croissance \u00e9piphysaire fusionne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Bone_Composition\" class=\"mw-headline\"><b>Composition osseuse <\/b><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Bone Composition\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bone Composition\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 450px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Bone_Composition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b1\/Bone_Composition.png\/448px-Bone_Composition.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/b\/b1\/Bone_Composition.png 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"448\" height=\"399\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Composition des os<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>L&rsquo;os est compos\u00e9 de cellules osseuses sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es et d&rsquo;une matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Les ost\u00e9ons constituent l&rsquo;unit\u00e9 fonctionnelle du tissu osseux. L&rsquo;os abrite \u00e9galement la moelle osseuse.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Extracellular_Matrix\" class=\"mw-headline\">Matrice extracellulaire <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Extracellular Matrix\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Extracellular Matrix\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La MEC contient \u00e0 la fois des composants inorganiques et organiques. Elle assure l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;os. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup> La MEC repr\u00e9sente environ 90 % du volume osseux. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La matrice osseuse organique (environ 40 % de la MEC<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup>) : Elle offre une r\u00e9sistance aux forces de traction. Il s&rsquo;agit principalement de collag\u00e8ne de type I, mais aussi de prot\u00e9ines non collag\u00e9niques, de glycoprot\u00e9ines, de facteurs de croissance et de prot\u00e9oglycanes. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>La matrice osseuse inorganique (environ 60 % de la MEC<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup>) : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> Elle assure la solidit\u00e9, la rigidit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9sistance aux forces de compression. Elle stocke :\n<ul>\n<li>40-60% du magn\u00e9sium et du sodium de l&rsquo;organisme<\/li>\n<li>99% du calcium de l&rsquo;organisme<\/li>\n<li>85% du phosphore de l&rsquo;organisme\n<ul>\n<li>Le calcium et le phosphate sont stock\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;os sous forme de cristaux d&rsquo;hydroxyapatite, qui min\u00e9ralisent la matrice, donnant \u00e0 l&rsquo;os sa duret\u00e9 et sa rigidit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La composition de la MEC change en fonction du sexe biologique, de l&rsquo;\u00e2ge et de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 de l&rsquo;individu.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_11-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Bone_Cells\" class=\"mw-headline\"><b>Cellules osseuses <\/b><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Bone Cells\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bone Cells\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 445px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Bone_cells.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Bone_cells.jpeg\/443px-Bone_cells.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Bone_cells.jpeg\/665px-Bone_cells.jpeg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/9\/9d\/Bone_cells.jpeg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"311\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Cellules osseuses<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Les cellules osseuses repr\u00e9sentent environ 10 % du volume total de l&rsquo;os et maintiennent la MEC : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les <b>cellules ost\u00e9oprog\u00e9nitrices<\/b> : Des cellules souches qui jouent un r\u00f4le important dans la r\u00e9paration et la croissance des os. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> Elles sont les pr\u00e9curseurs des cellules osseuses sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup> et participent \u00e0 la formation des compartiments de remodelage osseux. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Les <b>ost\u00e9oblastes <\/b>: Ils synth\u00e9tisent et s\u00e9cr\u00e8tent des ost\u00e9o\u00efdes (voir ci-dessous) et r\u00e9gulent la min\u00e9ralisation osseuse. Ils sont \u00e9galement impliqu\u00e9s dans la production d&rsquo;hormones (par exemple, les prostaglandines).<\/li>\n<li>Les <b>ost\u00e9ocytes <\/b> : Ils constituent 90 \u00e0 95 % de toutes les cellules osseuses. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup> Ils se forment \u00e0 partir des ost\u00e9oblastes. Ils sont impliqu\u00e9es dans la m\u00e9canosensation (c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire la d\u00e9tection de la charge m\u00e9canique) et dans le maintien et le renouvellement de la matrice osseuse.<\/li>\n<li>Les <b>ost\u00e9oclastes <\/b>: De grandes cellules multinucl\u00e9\u00e9es de r\u00e9sorption osseuse (c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire des cellules qui d\u00e9composent l&rsquo;os). Les deux cytokines essentielles \u00e0 la formation des ost\u00e9oclastes sont le RANK-ligand (RANKL) et les macrophages CSF.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Osteons\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ost\u00e9ons<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Osteons\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Osteons\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les ost\u00e9ons (\u00e9galement appel\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e8mes haversiens\u00a0\u00bb) constituent l&rsquo;unit\u00e9 fonctionnelle des os corticaux. Il existe deux types d&rsquo;ost\u00e9ons :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width: 522px;\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Bone_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/5\/55\/Bone_2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/5\/55\/Bone_2.jpg\/665px-Bone_2.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/5\/55\/Bone_2.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"300\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Illustration d&rsquo;un ost\u00e9on<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Les <b>ost\u00e9ons primaires<\/b> : Ils sont situ\u00e9s \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l&rsquo;os primaire. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Les <b>ost\u00e9ons secondaires <\/b>: <sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Ils se forment \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;ost\u00e9ons primaires.<\/li>\n<li>Ils sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement cylindrique avec des couches concentriques (lamelles) de tissu osseux qui entourent un canal central (canal de Havers).<\/li>\n<li>Le canal central contient des vaisseaux sanguins et des nerfs. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les ost\u00e9ons contribuent \u00e0 la transmission de la charge, au remodelage et au renouvellement osseux. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup> Ce syst\u00e8me comprend \u00e9galement des canalicules et des canaux de Volkmann, qui \u00ab\u00a0permettent la communication entre les ost\u00e9ocytes et les ost\u00e9ons voisins, respectivement\u00a0\u00bb. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>La vid\u00e9o suivante illustre la structure des ost\u00e9ons (en anglais original) :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UC1UgGLX98o?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Bone_Marrow\" class=\"mw-headline\">Moelle osseuse <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Bone Marrow\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bone Marrow\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>La <a title=\"Bone Marrow\" href=\"\/Bone_Marrow\">moelle osseuse<\/a> est situ\u00e9e dans la partie spongieuse des os. L&rsquo;h\u00e9matopo\u00ef\u00e8se, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire la production et le renouvellement des globules rouges, des globules blancs et des plaquettes, se produit dans la moelle osseuse. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6) <\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Pour en savoir plus sur l&rsquo;h\u00e9matopo\u00ef\u00e8se, regarder la vid\u00e9o suivante de 4 minutes (en anglais original) :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0deCbmh7PHs?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Periosteum_and_Endosteum\" class=\"mw-headline\">P\u00e9rioste et endoste <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Periosteum and Endosteum\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Periosteum and Endosteum\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tous les os, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exception des os s\u00e9samo\u00efdes, sont recouverts d&rsquo;une couche externe appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0<b>p\u00e9rioste<\/b>\u00ab\u00a0. Le p\u00e9rioste recouvre l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;os, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exception des zones o\u00f9 s&rsquo;attachent les ligaments et les tendons et o\u00f9 se trouve le cartilage articulaire. Il est reli\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;os par les fibres de Sharpey. Le p\u00e9rioste se modifie avec l&rsquo;\u00e2ge. Il est plus \u00e9lastique chez les enfants. Avec l&rsquo;\u00e2ge, l&rsquo;innervation et la vascularisation du p\u00e9rioste augmentent et celui-ci devient plus ferme. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup> Il est compos\u00e9 de deux couches : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-18\">(18) <\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>une couche fibreuse externe : ferme et remplie de collag\u00e8ne<\/li>\n<li>une couche cellulaire interne : contient des cellules ost\u00e9oprog\u00e9nitrices et des ost\u00e9oblastes Les ost\u00e9oblastes peuvent \u00eatre absents chez les adultes, mais ils se forment en cas de besoin (pour la gu\u00e9rison d&rsquo;une fracture, par exemple).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le p\u00e9rioste est irrigu\u00e9 par quatre syst\u00e8mes vasculaires et joue un r\u00f4le essentiel dans la formation et la r\u00e9sorption osseuse. Il peut r\u00e9pondre \u00ab\u00a0aux agressions subies par l&rsquo;os cortical, telles que les tumeurs, les infections, les traumatismes, les m\u00e9dicaments et les maladies arthritiques\u00a0\u00bb. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;<b>endoste<\/b> est une membrane qui tapisse la paroi de la cavit\u00e9 de la moelle osseuse. Il tapisse \u00e9galement le canal central des ost\u00e9ons et les cavit\u00e9s internes de l&rsquo;os.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Bone_Remodelling\" class=\"mw-headline\">Remodelage osseux <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Bone Remodelling\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Bone Remodelling\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Au cours du remodelage osseux, l&rsquo;os ancien ou endommag\u00e9 est \u00e9limin\u00e9 et remplac\u00e9 par de l&rsquo;os nouveau. <sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup> <sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup> La formation de l&rsquo;os nouveau et la r\u00e9sorption de l&rsquo;os ancien doivent \u00eatre soigneusement \u00e9quilibr\u00e9es pour que la masse osseuse reste la m\u00eame. Ce processus implique les quatre types de cellules osseuses et se compose de quatre phases qui se chevauchent : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Le remodelage osseux est initi\u00e9 ou activ\u00e9 dans une zone sp\u00e9cifique par le recrutement de pr\u00e9curseurs d&rsquo;ost\u00e9oclastes dans les compartiments de remodelage osseux. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Les ost\u00e9oclastes r\u00e9sorbent l&rsquo;os ancien tandis que les cellules ost\u00e9oprog\u00e9nitrices sont recrut\u00e9es dans le compartiment de remodelage osseux.<\/li>\n<li>Diff\u00e9renciation des ost\u00e9oblastes : les ost\u00e9oblastes produisent de l&rsquo;ost\u00e9o\u00efde pour remplacer l&rsquo;os r\u00e9sorb\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>La min\u00e9ralisation ost\u00e9o\u00efde se produit, ce qui compl\u00e8te le cycle de remodelage osseux. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_3-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pour en savoir plus sur le remodelage osseux, visionner la vid\u00e9o suivante (en anglais original) :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/sNfY8z3CqDg?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Clinical_Significance\" class=\"mw-headline\">Importance clinique <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Clinical Significance\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Clinical Significance\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Un certain nombre d&rsquo;affections peuvent avoir un impact sur le tissu osseux, notamment : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Osteoporosis\" href=\"\/Osteoporosis\">Ost\u00e9oporose<\/a> : Faible densit\u00e9 min\u00e9rale osseuse due \u00e0 une alt\u00e9ration de la microstructure osseuse<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Osteomalacia\" href=\"\/Osteomalacia\">Ost\u00e9omalacie<\/a>: Ramollissement des os (appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0rachitisme\u00a0\u00bb chez les enfants)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Fracture\" href=\"\/Fracture\">Fracture<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Osteomyelitis\" href=\"\/Osteomyelitis\">Ost\u00e9omy\u00e9lite<\/a>: infection aigu\u00eb ou chronique de l&rsquo;os<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Achondroplasia\" href=\"\/Achondroplasia\">Achondroplasie<\/a>: La cause la plus fr\u00e9quente d&rsquo;une petite taille disproportionn\u00e9e.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup> Les personnes atteintes d&rsquo;achondroplasie pr\u00e9sentent des extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s courtes en raison d&rsquo;un d\u00e9veloppement insuffisant de l&rsquo;os endochondral.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Paget's Disease\" href=\"\/Paget%27s_Disease\">Maladie osseuse de Paget <\/a>: Elle survient lorsqu&rsquo;il y a un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre entre les actions des ost\u00e9oblastes et des ost\u00e9oclastes. La maladie de Paget n&rsquo;affecte pas l&rsquo;ensemble du corps, mais plut\u00f4t un ou plusieurs os adjacents.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Osteosarcoma\" href=\"\/Osteosarcoma\">Ost\u00e9osarcome<\/a>: Associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une \u00ab\u00a0prolif\u00e9ration maligne d&rsquo;ost\u00e9oblastes\u00a0\u00bb. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_6-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Cela touche plus souvent le f\u00e9mur distal et le tibia proximal. Les individus peuvent avoir des douleurs osseuses, des gonflements ou des fractures pathologiques.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e9mangiome des vert\u00e8bres : N\u00e9oplasme b\u00e9nin le plus fr\u00e9quent au rachis Cela appara\u00eet souvent chez les femmes \u00e2g\u00e9es de 40 \u00e0 50 ans. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Avascular Necrosis\" href=\"\/Avascular_Necrosis\">N\u00e9crose avasculaire<\/a>: Mort d&rsquo;un tissu caus\u00e9e par un manque d&rsquo;apport sanguin.<\/li>\n<li>Troubles de la plaque de croissance \u00e9piphysaire<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Bone&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Proia P, Amato A, Drid P, Korovljev D, Vasto S, Baldassano S. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.704647\/full\" rel=\"nofollow\">The impact of diet and physical activity on bone health in children and adolescents<\/a>. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021;12.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_2-0\">2.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_2-1\">2.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Salhotra A, Shah HN, Levi B, Longaker MT. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7699981\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mechanisms of bone development and repair<\/a>. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2020 Nov;21(11):696-711.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-2\">3.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-3\">3.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-4\">3.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-5\">3.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-6\">3.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-7\">3.7<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_3-8\">3.8<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">El Sayed SA, Nezwek TA, Varacallo M. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441968\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Physiology, Bone.<\/a> InStatPearls (Internet) 2019 Jul 29. StatPearls Publishing. Available from:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441968\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441968\/<\/a> (last accessed 10.2.2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7493450\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement<\/a>. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2020 Sep 1;20(3):347-71.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Crash Course. The Skeletal System: Crash Course Anatomy &amp; Physiology #19. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dMH0bHeiRNg\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dMH0bHeiRNg<\/a> (last accessed 7.8.2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-3\">6.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-4\">6.4<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-5\">6.5<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-6\">6.6<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-7\">6.7<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_6-8\">6.8<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Baig MA, Bacha D. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541132\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Histology, Bone<\/a>. InStatPearls (Internet) 2019 May 5. StatPearls Publishing. Available from:<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541132\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541132\/<\/a> (last accessed 10.2.2020)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-0\">7.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-1\">7.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-2\">7.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-3\">7.3<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_7-4\">7.4<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cowan PT, Kahai P. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537199\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Anatomy, Bones<\/a>.(Updated 2021 Jul 26). StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:8-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Cunningham S. Clinical Overview of Bone Health and Dysfunction Course. Plus, 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_9-0\">9.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_9-1\">9.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Osterhoff G, Morgan EF, Shefelbine SJ, Karim L, McNamara LM, Augat P. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4955555\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Bone mechanical properties and changes with osteoporosis<\/a>. Injury. 2016 Jun;47 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S11-20. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hall JE. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 May 31.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:6-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_11-0\">11.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_11-1\">11.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_11-2\">11.2<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_11-3\">11.3<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Lin X, Patil S, Gao YG, Qian A. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7264100\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">The bone extracellular matrix in bone formation and regeneration<\/a>. Front Pharmacol. 2020 May 26;11:757. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:7-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_12-0\">12.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_12-1\">12.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nahian A, Davis DD. Histology, Osteoprogenitor Cells. (Updated 2022 Dec 29). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559160\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559160\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:9-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_13-0\">13.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_13-1\">13.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_13-2\">13.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Chang B, Liu X. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9063188\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Osteon: structure, turnover, and regeneration<\/a>. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2022 Apr;28(2):261-78. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Michele Parry. Osteon model. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UC1UgGLX98o\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UC1UgGLX98o<\/a> (last accessed 15\/08\/2024)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Hoggatt J, Pelus LM. Hematopoiesis. In: Maloy S, Hughes K editors. Brenner&rsquo;s encyclopedia of genetics (second edition). Academic Press, 2013. p418-21.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Alila Medical Media. Hematopoiesis &#8211; Formation of Blood Cells, Animation. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0deCbmh7PHs\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0deCbmh7PHs<\/a> (last accessed 7.8.2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:11-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_17-0\">17.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_17-1\">17.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_17-2\">17.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Maia Ferreira Alencar CH, Sampaio Silveira CR, Cavalcante MM, Maia Vieira CG, Di\u00f3genes Teixeira MJ, Neto FA, de Abreu A, Chhabra A. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352047720300381\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u00ab\u00a0Periosteum: an imaging review\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>. Eur J Radiol Open. 2020 Aug 27;7:100249. <\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:10-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_18-0\">18.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_18-1\">18.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Nahian A, Chauhan PR. Histology, Periosteum And Endosteum. (Updated 2023 May 1). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557584\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557584\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Epsley S, Tadros S, Farid A, Kargilis D, Mehta S, Rajapakse CS. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799\/full\" rel=\"nofollow\">The effect of inflammation on bone.<\/a> Frontiers in physiology. 2021:1695.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Ofer L, Dean MN, Zaslansky P, Kult S, Shwartz Y, Zaretsky J, Griess-Fishheimer S, Monsonego-Ornan E, Zelzer E, Shahar R. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosbiology\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000140\" rel=\"nofollow\">A novel nonosteocytic regulatory mechanism of bone modeling<\/a>. PLoS biology. 2019 Feb 1;17(2):e3000140.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><br \/>\nPhysiology for Hippies<br \/>\n. How are bones remodeled?. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sNfY8z3CqDg\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sNfY8z3CqDg<\/a> (last accessed 8.8.2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Legare JM. Achondroplasia. 1998 Oct 12 (Updated 2023 May 11). In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews\u00ae (Internet). Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK1152\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK1152\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20230324141418 Cache expiry: 0 Dynamic content: true Complications: () CPU time usage: 0.144 seconds Real time usage: 0.173 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 368\/1000000 Post\u2010expand include size: 110\/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3\/40 Expensive parser function count: 0\/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0\/20 Unstrip post\u2010expand size: 13389\/5000000 bytes --><br \/>\n<!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 50.977 1 Special:Contributors\/Bone 100.00% 50.977 1 -total --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c9diteurs originaux &#8211; Candace Goh Principaux collaborateurs &#8211; Lucinda Hampton , Jess Bell , Candace Goh , Admin , Shaimaa Eldib , Kim Jackson , Wataru Okuyama , George Prudden , Claire Knott , Manisha Shrestha , Khloud Shreif , Robin Tacchetti , WikiSysop , Joao Costa , Sai Kripa , Tony Lowe , Stacy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5361","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5361"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5361\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10752,"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5361\/revisions\/10752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}