{"id":3213,"date":"2022-10-11T08:19:38","date_gmt":"2022-10-11T08:19:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/foot-orthotics-assessment-it\/"},"modified":"2023-07-06T06:36:04","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T06:36:04","slug":"foot-orthotics-assessment-fr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/fr\/foot-orthotics-assessment-fr\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9valuation pour les orth\u00e8ses plantaires"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\"><b>\u00c9diteur original <\/b>&#8211; <a title=\"User:Carin Hunter\" href=\"\/User:Carin_Hunter\">Carin Hunter<\/a> \u00e0 partir du cours de <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/course_tutor\/donna-fisher\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Donna Fisher<\/a><br \/>\n<b>Principaux contributeurs<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Carin Hunter\" href=\"\/User:Carin_Hunter\"><bdi>Carin Hunter<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Kim Jackson\" href=\"\/User:Kim_Jackson\"><bdi>Kim Jackson<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Lucinda hampton\" href=\"\/User:Lucinda_hampton\"><bdi>Lucinda hampton<\/bdi><\/a>, <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Ewa Jaraczewska\" href=\"\/User:Ewa_Jaraczewska\"><bdi>Ewa Jaraczewska<\/bdi><\/a> et <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Tarina van der Stockt\" href=\"\/User:Tarina_van_der_Stockt\"><bdi>Tarina van der Stockt<\/bdi><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contenu<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Introduction\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Introduction<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Three_Main_Types_of_Foot_Orthoses\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Les trois principaux types d&rsquo;orth\u00e8ses plantaires<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Purpose_of_Foot_Orthoses\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">L&rsquo;objectif des orth\u00e8ses plantaires<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Basic_Foot_Anatomy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Anatomie de base du pied<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Plantar_Fascia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Le fascia plantaire<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Windlass_Mechanism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Le m\u00e9canisme du guindeau<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Important_Joints_to_Consider_for_Foot_Orthosis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Articulations importantes \u00e0 prendre en compte pour une orth\u00e8se plantaire<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Terminology_used_in_Orthotics\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Terminologie utilis\u00e9e dans le monde des orth\u00e8ses<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Purpose_of_the_Human_Foot\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Le but du pied humain<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Orthotic_Foot_Ankle_Assessment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u00c9valuation pour l&rsquo;orth\u00e8se pied-cheville<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#1._Patient_History\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">1. Ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents du patient<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#2._Range_of_Motion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">2. Amplitudes de mouvement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#3._Muscles_of_the_Foot_and_Ankle\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">3. Muscles du pied et de la cheville<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#4._Sensation.2FPain\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">4. Sensation\/douleur<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#5._Proprioception\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.5<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">5. Proprioception<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#6._Biomechanical_Analysis\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.6<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">6. Analyse biom\u00e9canique<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#The_Supination_Resistance_Test\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.6.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Le test de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la supination<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#Root_Theory\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.6.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">\u00a0\u00bbRoot Theory\u00a0\u00bb &#8211; La th\u00e9orie de Root de la biom\u00e9canique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"#The_Kirby_Proposal\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.6.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">La proposition de Kirby<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"#7._Leg_Length_Discrepancy_.28LLD.29\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.7<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">7. La diff\u00e9rence de longueur de jambe (DLL)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"#Additional_information:\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10.8<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Informations compl\u00e9mentaires :<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Introduction\" class=\"mw-headline\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: Introduction\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le domaine des <a title=\"Orthotics\" href=\"\/Orthotics\">orth\u00e8ses<\/a> est une branche de la m\u00e9decine qui s&rsquo;occupe de la fabrication et de l&rsquo;adaptation d&rsquo;orth\u00e8ses. Il existe de nombreux termes interchangeables, comme <a title=\"Foot Orthoses\" href=\"\/Foot_Orthoses\">orth\u00e8se plantaire<\/a>\/orth\u00e8se\/semelle\/insertion dans la chaussure. Avant qu&rsquo;une orth\u00e8se puisse \u00eatre prescrite, une \u00e9valuation compl\u00e8te doit \u00eatre effectu\u00e9e pour s\u00e9lectionner correctement un appareil qui r\u00e9pondra \u00e0 toutes les exigences. Le choix d&rsquo;une orth\u00e8se peut s&rsquo;av\u00e9rer compliqu\u00e9 car, outre les facteurs <a title=\"Biomechanical Assessment of Foot and Ankle\" href=\"\/Biomechanical_Assessment_of_Foot_and_Ankle\">biom\u00e9caniques<\/a>, de nombreux aspects doivent \u00eatre pris en compte, notamment le confort et l&rsquo;esth\u00e9tique, afin d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion du patient.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Three_Main_Types_of_Foot_Orthoses\" class=\"mw-headline\">Les trois principaux types d&rsquo;orth\u00e8ses plantaires <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Three Main Types of Foot Orthoses\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Three Main Types of Foot Orthoses\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Semelles en vente libre<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Foot Orthoses\" href=\"\/Foot_Orthoses\">Orth\u00e8ses plantaires fonctionnelles<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Semelles de contact total moul\u00e9es sur mesure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span id=\"Purpose_of_Foot_Orthoses\" class=\"mw-headline\">L&rsquo;objectif des orth\u00e8ses plantaires <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Purpose of Foot Orthoses\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Purpose of Foot Orthoses\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">\u00e9diter la source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Une <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Foot Anatomy\" href=\"\/Foot_Anatomy\">orth\u00e8se<\/a> plantaire est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u00e9sign\u00e9e comme un \u00ab\u00a0appareil externe qui peut \u00eatre ins\u00e9r\u00e9 dans une chaussure pour aider \u00e0 soutenir ou \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la fonction du pied et\/ou de la cheville\u00a0\u00bb.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> Les principaux objectifs d&rsquo;une orth\u00e8se sont d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer la biom\u00e9canique, de redistribuer la pression ou de s&rsquo;adapter \u00e0 des d\u00e9formations cong\u00e9nitales ou acquises. L&rsquo;objectif final est d&rsquo;obtenir ou de maintenir un alignement de l&rsquo;articulation sous-talienne proche de la neutralit\u00e9 pendant le <a title=\"Gait\" href=\"\/Gait\">cycle de marche<\/a> ou le niveau fonctionnel le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de l&rsquo;individu. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Soutenir<\/li>\n<li>Corriger, si mobile<\/li>\n<li>S&rsquo;adapter si ce non mobile<\/li>\n<li>Absorber les chocs<\/li>\n<li>Redistribuer la pression<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span id=\"Basic_Foot_Anatomy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Anatomie de base du pied <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Basic Foot Anatomy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Basic Foot Anatomy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">\u00e9diter la source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pour une discussion d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l&rsquo;anatomie du pied et de la cheville, veuillez cliquer sur les liens suivants.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>28 <a title=\"Basic Foot and Ankle Anatomy - Bones and Ligaments\" href=\"\/Basic_Foot_and_Ankle_Anatomy_-_Bones_and_Ligaments\">os<\/a><\/li>\n<li>33 articulations<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Basic Foot and Ankle Anatomy - Bones and Ligaments\" href=\"\/Basic_Foot_and_Ankle_Anatomy_-_Bones_and_Ligaments\">Ligaments<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Tendons<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Basic Foot and Ankle Anatomy - Muscles and Fascia\" href=\"\/Basic_Foot_and_Ankle_Anatomy_-_Muscles_and_Fascia\">Muscles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Basic Foot and Ankle Anatomy - Muscles and Fascia\" href=\"\/Basic_Foot_and_Ankle_Anatomy_-_Muscles_and_Fascia\">Fascia plantaire<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span id=\"Plantar_Fascia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Le fascia plantaire <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Plantar Fascia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Plantar Fascia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Le <a title=\"Plantar Aponeurosis\" href=\"\/Plantar_Aponeurosis\">fascia plantaire<\/a> est un tissu solide et fibreux. En raison de sa rigidit\u00e9 et de sa grande imperm\u00e9abilit\u00e9, il peut contribuer \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les muscles de la plante du pied. <sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">(2) <\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Ses origines sont profondes dans la surface plantaire du <a title=\"Calcaneus\" href=\"\/Calcaneus\">calcan\u00e9um<\/a> et il s&rsquo;\u00e9tend jusqu&rsquo;aux t\u00eates <a title=\"Metatarsals\" href=\"\/Metatarsals\">m\u00e9tatarsiennes<\/a>. O\u00f9 il se divise et s&rsquo;attache \u00e0 la base des phalanges de chaque orteil.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Pendant la <a title=\"Walking - Muscles Used\" href=\"\/Walking_-_Muscles_Used\">marche<\/a>, lorsque les orteils sont en dorsiflexion au moment de la pouss\u00e9e, le fascia plantaire s&rsquo;enroule autour des t\u00eates m\u00e9tatarsiennes et se resserre. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup> Cela tire le calcan\u00e9um vers les t\u00eates m\u00e9tatarsiennes et maintient la forme de la vo\u00fbte longitudinale, soutenant le pied pour permettre la propulsion. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne connu sous le nom de m\u00e9canisme du guindeau.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Windlass_Mechanism\" class=\"mw-headline\">Le m\u00e9canisme du guindeau <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Windlass Mechanism\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Windlass Mechanism\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">\u00e9diter la source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Le <a title=\"Windlass Test\" href=\"\/Windlass_Test\">m\u00e9canisme du guindeau<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crit pour la premi\u00e8re fois par JH Hicks en 1954. Il s&rsquo;agit essentiellement d&rsquo; \u00ab\u00a0un couplage un \u00e0 un entre la dorsiflexion de l&rsquo;articulation m\u00e9tatarsienne et l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9vation de l&rsquo;arche longitudinale m\u00e9diale\u00a0\u00bb. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup> Partant d&rsquo;un concept d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nierie consistant \u00e0 soulever des poids \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;un syst\u00e8me de poulies, Hicks a remarqu\u00e9 que lors de la dorsiflexion des orteils, l&rsquo;<a title=\"Aponeurosis\" href=\"\/Aponeurosis\">apon\u00e9vrose<\/a> plantaire se resserre. Les t\u00eates m\u00e9tatarsiennes sont ainsi rapproch\u00e9es du calcan\u00e9um, augmentant la hauteur de l&rsquo;<a title=\"Arches of the Foot\" href=\"\/Arches_of_the_Foot\">arche longitudinale<\/a>. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup> Cette action se produit naturellement lors du d\u00e9collement des orteils dans le <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gait Cycle\" href=\"\/Gait_Cycle\">cycle de la marche<\/a>, lorsque les orteils se retrouvent en dorsiflexion et que le pied devient plus rigide pour faciliter la propulsion. Lors de la mise en charge et au milieu de l&rsquo;appui, la vo\u00fbte plantaire s&rsquo;\u00e9tire.<\/p>\n<p>Le pied humain est flexible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses nombreuses articulations. Cependant, il doit \u00eatre \u00e0 la fois souple et rigide pour favoriser une d\u00e9marche normale. <sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup> Il est important de se rappeler que le fascia plantaire s&rsquo;\u00e9tire et se r\u00e9tracte \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents stades du cycle de la marche. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Important_Joints_to_Consider_for_Foot_Orthosis\" class=\"mw-headline\">Articulations importantes \u00e0 prendre en compte pour une orth\u00e8se plantaire <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Important Joints to Consider for Foot Orthosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Important Joints to Consider for Foot Orthosis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Arri\u00e8re-pied<\/b>\n<ol>\n<li>Articulation talo-crurale<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Subtalar Joint\" href=\"\/Subtalar_Joint\">Articulation subtalaire (talo-calcan\u00e9enne)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>M\u00e9dio-pied<\/b>\n<ol>\n<li>Articulations tarsom\u00e9tatarsiennes<\/li>\n<li>Articulation calcan\u00e9ocubo\u00efdienne<\/li>\n<li>Articulation talonaviculaire<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Avant-pied<\/b>\n<ol>\n<li>Premi\u00e8re articulation m\u00e9tatarso-phalangienne<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>De plus amples informations sur les articulations du pied et de la cheville sont disponibles <a title=\"Basic Foot and Ankle Anatomy - Bones and Ligaments\" href=\"\/Basic_Foot_and_Ankle_Anatomy_-_Bones_and_Ligaments\">ici<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Terminology_used_in_Orthotics\" class=\"mw-headline\">Terminologie utilis\u00e9e dans le monde des orth\u00e8ses <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Terminology used in Orthotics\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Terminology used in Orthotics\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col\">\n<div class=\"floatleft\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Inversion_vs_eversion.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/51\/Inversion_vs_eversion.jpg\/600px-Inversion_vs_eversion.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/51\/Inversion_vs_eversion.jpg\/900px-Inversion_vs_eversion.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/5\/51\/Inversion_vs_eversion.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Inversion vs eversion.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"374\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col\">Valgus = en \u00e9vers\u00e9<br \/>\nNeutre<br \/>\nVarus = invers\u00e9<br \/>\nPronation = \u00e9version, abduction, dorsiflexion et rotation m\u00e9diale de l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire<br \/>\nSupination = inversion, adduction, flexion plantaire et rotation lat\u00e9rale de l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Purpose_of_the_Human_Foot\" class=\"mw-headline\">L&rsquo;objectif du pied humain <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Purpose of the Human Foot\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Purpose of the Human Foot\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">\u00e9diter la source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u201c(Le pied humain) permet la propulsion dans l&rsquo;espace, l&rsquo;adaptation aux terrains accident\u00e9s, l&rsquo;absorption des chocs et le soutien du poids du corps.\u201d <sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup> Toutefois, sa structure, sa fonction et sa position l&rsquo;exposent \u00e0 des blessures. Pour comprendre le pied, il est n\u00e9cessaire de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuer en position de non mise en charge, de mise en charge, ainsi qu&rsquo;au cours de la marche.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Orthotic_Foot_Ankle_Assessment\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u00c9valuation pour l&rsquo;orth\u00e8se pied-cheville <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Orthotic Foot Ankle Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Orthotic Foot Ankle Assessment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Lors d&rsquo;une \u00e9valuation du pied et de la cheville en vue du choix d&rsquo;orth\u00e8ses, vous devrez examiner les \u00e9l\u00e9ments suivants : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Les ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents du patient<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Range of Motion\" href=\"\/Range_of_Motion\">L&rsquo;amplitude de mouvement<\/a><\/li>\n<li>La puissance musculaire<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Sensation\" href=\"\/Sensation\">La sensation<\/a> \/ la douleur<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Proprioception\" href=\"\/Proprioception\">Proprioception<\/a><\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;analyse biom\u00e9canique<\/li>\n<li>La longueur des jambes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4><span id=\"1._Patient_History\" class=\"mw-headline\">1. Ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents du patient <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 1. Patient History\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 1. Patient History\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">\u00e9diter la source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Patron de marche et analyse biom\u00e9canique \u00e0 l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e\n<ul>\n<li>Type de <a title=\"Shoe Analysis - Basic Anatomy of a Running Shoe\" href=\"\/Shoe_Analysis_-_Basic_Anatomy_of_a_Running_Shoe\">chaussures <\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Dispositifs d&rsquo;assistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents des affections sous-jacentes, des probl\u00e8mes de pied et du principal probl\u00e8me affectant l&rsquo;individu lors de la consultation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"2._Range_of_Motion\" class=\"mw-headline\">2. Amplitude de mouvement <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 2. Range of Motion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 2. Range of Motion\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">\u00e9diter la source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Lorsque l&rsquo;on envisage de concevoir une orth\u00e8se plantaire, il convient d&rsquo;effectuer les tests d&rsquo;amplitude de mouvement suivants :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>En actif<\/li>\n<li>En passif<\/li>\n<li>En mise en charge<\/li>\n<li>En non-mise en charge<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b><u>Mouvements actifs et passifs du pied et de la cheville <\/u><\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Test rapide pour l&rsquo;articulation de la cheville = dorsiflexion \/ flexion plantaire<\/li>\n<li>Test rapide de l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire = pronation\/supination<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9version\/ inversion<\/li>\n<li>Abduction \/ adduction<\/li>\n<li>Test rapide pour les articulations m\u00e9tatarsiennes et phalangiennes = flexion\/extension des orteils<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><u>\u00c9valuation sans mise en charge <\/u><\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Windlass Test\" href=\"\/Windlass_Test\">Le test du guindeau<\/a> &#8211; peut \u00eatre efficace pour examiner le <a title=\"Assessment of Plantar Heel Pain - A Literature Review\" href=\"\/Assessment_of_Plantar_Heel_Pain_-_A_Literature_Review\">dysfonctionnement du fascia plantaire<\/a>, bien que sa sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 n&rsquo;ait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 prouv\u00e9e : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Extension passive de l&rsquo;hallux au niveau de son articulation m\u00e9tatarso-phalangienne\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;apon\u00e9vrose plantaire doit se resserrer et r\u00e9duire la distance entre le calcan\u00e9um et les m\u00e9tatarsiens.<\/li>\n<li>Veuillez noter que l&rsquo;angle d&rsquo;extension pour initier l&rsquo;augmentation de l&rsquo;arche peut varier.<\/li>\n<li>Augmentation de l&rsquo;arche longitudinale m\u00e9diane<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Test positif<\/b>: Un test est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme positif si l&rsquo;extension passive se poursuit jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la fin de l&rsquo;amplitude ou jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce que la douleur de la fasciite plantaire du patient soit reproduite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Douleur \u00e0 la palpation du calcan\u00e9um en m\u00e9dial et de l&rsquo;apon\u00e9vrose plantaire <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZO0wREhjxH0?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><b><u>Hallux limitus\/rigidus <\/u><\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Tous deux affectent le m\u00e9canisme du guindeau, la d\u00e9marche et le fonctionnement normal du pied.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Hallux Rigidus\" href=\"\/Hallux_Rigidus\">Hallux rigidus <\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Mobilit\u00e9 en flexion dorsale tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e, voire inexistante. On observe une cr\u00e9pitation lors de la mobilisation de l&rsquo;articulation et une douleur associ\u00e9e \u00e0 tout mouvement de la premi\u00e8re articulation MTP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hallux limitus <sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00e9duction du mouvement de dorsiflexion, entra\u00eenant une diminution de l&rsquo;amplitude de dorsiflexion au niveau de la premi\u00e8re articulation m\u00e9tatarso-phalangienne.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c0 la marche, il y a une perte d&rsquo;extension de l&rsquo;articulation m\u00e9tatarsophalangienne pendant la deuxi\u00e8me moiti\u00e9 de la phase d&rsquo;appui simple, lorsque le pied porteur est en dorsiflexion maximale.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5WSbXxVTzNo?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span id=\"3._Muscles_of_the_Foot_and_Ankle\" class=\"mw-headline\">3. Muscles du pied et de la cheville <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 3. Muscles of the Foot and Ankle\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 3. Muscles of the Foot and Ankle\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>La partie inf\u00e9rieure de la jambe comporte quatre compartiments musculaires. Le test de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de ces muscles est l&rsquo;<a title=\"Muscle Strength Testing\" href=\"\/Muscle_Strength_Testing\">\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Oxford<\/a> standardis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p><b><u>1. Compartiment musculaire post\u00e9rieur superficiel<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Action <\/b>: <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Plantarflexion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Plantarflexion\">Flexion plantaire<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Muscles <\/b>: <a title=\"Gastrocnemius\" href=\"\/Gastrocnemius\">Gastrocn\u00e9mien<\/a>, <a title=\"Soleus\" href=\"\/Soleus\">sol\u00e9aire<\/a> et <a title=\"Plantaris\" href=\"\/Plantaris\">plantaire<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Posterior_superficial_muscle_compartment.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Posterior_superficial_muscle_compartment.jpg\/600px-Posterior_superficial_muscle_compartment.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/1\/1e\/Posterior_superficial_muscle_compartment.jpg 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"331\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><u>2. Compartiment musculaire post\u00e9rieur profond<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Action <\/b>: <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Plantarflexion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Plantarflexion\">Flexion plantaire<\/a>, adduction et <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Ankle Inversion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Ankle_Inversion\">inversion<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Muscles <\/b>: <a title=\"Tibialis Posterior\" href=\"\/Tibialis_Posterior\">Tibial post\u00e9rieur<\/a>, long fl\u00e9chisseur de l&rsquo;hallux et long fl\u00e9chisseur des orteils<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Deep_Posterior_compartment.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7f\/Deep_Posterior_compartment.jpg\/600px-Deep_Posterior_compartment.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/7\/7f\/Deep_Posterior_compartment.jpg 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"331\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><u>3. Compartiment musculaire lat\u00e9ral<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Action <\/b>: <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Dorsiflexion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Dorsiflexion\">Dorsiflexion<\/a>, abduction et <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Ankle Eversion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Ankle_Eversion\">\u00e9version<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Muscles <\/b>: <a title=\"Peroneus Brevis\" href=\"\/Peroneus_Brevis\">Long et court p\u00e9roniers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Lateral_compartment.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/01\/Lateral_compartment.jpg\/600px-Lateral_compartment.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/0\/01\/Lateral_compartment.jpg 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"331\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><u>4. Compartiment musculaire ant\u00e9rieur<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Action <\/b>: <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Dorsiflexion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Dorsiflexion\">Dorsiflexion<\/a>, adduction et <a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Ankle Inversion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Ankle_Inversion\">inversion<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Muscles<\/b>: <a title=\"Tibialis Anterior\" href=\"\/Tibialis_Anterior\">Tibial ant\u00e9rieur<\/a>, Long extenseur de l&rsquo;hallux et <a title=\"Extensor Digitorum Longus\" href=\"\/Extensor_Digitorum_Longus\">Long extenseur des orteils<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Anterior_muscle_compartment.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/de\/Anterior_muscle_compartment.jpg\/600px-Anterior_muscle_compartment.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/d\/de\/Anterior_muscle_compartment.jpg 1.5x\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"331\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Voir les pages suivantes pour plus d&rsquo;informations sur les tests musculaires :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Dorsiflexion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Dorsiflexion\">Dorsiflexion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Plantarflexion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Plantarflexion\">Flexion plantaire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Ankle Eversion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Ankle_Eversion\">\u00c9version<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Manual Muscle Testing: Ankle Inversion\" href=\"\/Manual_Muscle_Testing:_Ankle_Inversion\">Inversion<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"4._Sensation\/Pain\"><\/span><span id=\"4._Sensation.2FPain\" class=\"mw-headline\">4. Sensation\/douleur <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 4. Sensation\/Pain\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 4. Sensation\/Pain\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">\u00e9diter source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Voir la page sur la <a title=\"Sensation\" href=\"\/Sensation\">sensation, l&rsquo;examen sensoriel<\/a><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"5._Proprioception\" class=\"mw-headline\">5. Proprioception <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 5. Proprioception\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 5. Proprioception\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Voir la page sur la <a title=\"Proprioception\" href=\"\/Proprioception\">proprioception, \u00c9valuer la proprioception<\/a><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"6._Biomechanical_Analysis\" class=\"mw-headline\">6. Analyse biom\u00e9canique <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 6. Biomechanical Analysis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 6. Biomechanical Analysis\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Il est important d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer le pied de mani\u00e8re statique et dynamique. En effet, le pied n&rsquo;est pas statique pendant le cycle de marche et la plupart des probl\u00e8mes de pied surviennent pendant le cycle de marche. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup> Il est n\u00e9cessaire d&rsquo;examiner l&rsquo;ensemble de la cha\u00eene cin\u00e9tique, y compris la position du genou, de la hanche et du bassin, ainsi que l&rsquo;alignement subtalaire.<\/p>\n<p><b><u>Analyse statique :<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p>Elle comprendra les \u00e9preuves suivantes : <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Trop d&rsquo;orteils\n<ul>\n<li>Trop d&rsquo;orteils \/ pas assez d&rsquo;orteils &#8211; ce test est utile pour faire la distinction entre un pied en pronation et un pied en supination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Test de Jack<\/li>\n<li>Test du guindeau<\/li>\n<li>Test du bloc Coleman<\/li>\n<li>Alignement de l&rsquo;arri\u00e8re-pied et de l&rsquo;avant-pied\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;alignement normal\/id\u00e9al du pied se produit lorsque <sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Le tiers distal de la jambe est vertical<\/li>\n<li>Le calcan\u00e9um est vertical par rapport \u00e0 la surface d&rsquo;appui<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;avant-pied plantaire est parall\u00e8le \u00e0 l&rsquo;arri\u00e8re-pied plantaire.<\/li>\n<li>Les variations de cet alignement \u00ab\u00a0normal\u00a0\u00bb du pied (\u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9formations intrins\u00e8ques du pied\u00a0\u00bb) entra\u00eenent une fonction anormale du pied.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/N2DmBGXodUY?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Test de Jack &#8211; Test permettant d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer la flexibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un pied bot.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/j-mqaiKfsZQ?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Test du guindeau &#8211; Test qui permet d&rsquo;examiner le dysfonctionnement du fascia plantaire en provoquant un \u00e9tirement direct de l&rsquo;apon\u00e9vrose plantaire \/ du fascia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZO0wREhjxH0?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Test du bloc Coleman<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TCp25F0l7hc?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><u>Analyse dynamique : Marche normale <\/u><\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phases de la <a title=\"Gait\" href=\"\/Gait\">marche normale<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li>Pause du talon<\/li>\n<li>Milieu de la phase d&rsquo;appui<\/li>\n<li>Phase pr\u00e9-oscillante<\/li>\n<li>Appui terminal<\/li>\n<li>Phase d&rsquo;oscillation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Le d\u00e9gagement au sol est important dans la phase d&rsquo;oscillation du cycle de marche.<\/li>\n<li>La proprioception et l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre sont importants pour environ 40 % du cycle de marche d&rsquo;un individu alors que son poids est support\u00e9 sur une jambe.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_8-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Gait_Cycle.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7f\/Gait_Cycle.jpg\/1000px-Gait_Cycle.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7f\/Gait_Cycle.jpg\/1500px-Gait_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/7\/7f\/Gait_Cycle.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Gait Cycle.jpg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5><span id=\"The_Supination_Resistance_Test\" class=\"mw-headline\">Le test de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la supination <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: The Supination Resistance Test\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: The Supination Resistance Test\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Le test de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la supination <sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup> est un test tr\u00e8s utile pour d\u00e9terminer la force requise par une orth\u00e8se pour mettre un pied en supination. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup> Il a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 sa fiabilit\u00e9 clinique, lorsqu&rsquo;il est test\u00e9 par un clinicien comp\u00e9tent. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b><u>R\u00e9sultats <\/u><\/b>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la supination sugg\u00e8re l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;une <b>orth\u00e8se d&rsquo;arche HAUTE<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Un score de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la supination moyen sugg\u00e8re l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;une <b>orth\u00e8se d&rsquo;arche mod\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>Un score de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la supination faible sugg\u00e8re l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;une <b>orth\u00e8se d&rsquo;arche BASSE<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Regardez la vid\u00e9o ci-dessous pour voir comment se d\u00e9roule le test :<\/b><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/a1gEKL0HINY?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5><span id=\"Root_Theory\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u00a0\u00bbRoot Theory\u00a0\u00bb &#8211; La th\u00e9orie de Root de la biom\u00e9canique <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Root Theory\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Root Theory\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>La th\u00e9orie de Root a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine par le Dr Merton L. Root dans les ann\u00e9es 1950 et 1960. Les autres termes utilis\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature pour d\u00e9signer sa th\u00e9orie sont les suivants : \u00ab\u00a0la th\u00e9orie de la morphologie du pied\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0la th\u00e9orie de la neutralit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire\u00a0\u00bb ou la \u00ab\u00a0th\u00e9orie rootienne\u00a0\u00bb. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup> En termes simples, la th\u00e9orie de Root est bas\u00e9e sur une s\u00e9rie de mesures statiques qui, selon l&rsquo;auteur, permettent de pr\u00e9dire la fonction cin\u00e9matique. Pour que le pied soit consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme \u00ab\u00a0normal\u00a0\u00bb, l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire doit \u00eatre en position neutre avec l&rsquo;articulation m\u00e9dio-tarsienne compl\u00e8tement verrouill\u00e9e.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup> Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne se produit entre le milieu de l&rsquo;appui et le d\u00e9collement du talon pendant la marche.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup> Tout \u00e9cart par rapport \u00e0 cet alignement de l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme \u00ab\u00a0anormal\u00a0\u00bb et entra\u00eenerait donc un dysfonctionnement m\u00e9canique.<\/p>\n<p>Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2017 par Jarvis et al. <sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup> a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e pour \u00e9tudier la cin\u00e9matique du pied entre les pieds normaux et anormaux \u00e0 partir de la classification de Root et al. L&rsquo;objectif \u00e9tait d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer <sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup> :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S&rsquo;il existe des diff\u00e9rences dans la cin\u00e9matique du pied pendant la marche entre les pieds avec et sans les d\u00e9formations structurelles sugg\u00e9r\u00e9es par Root et al.<\/li>\n<li>S&rsquo;il existe une relation entre l&rsquo;importance de la d\u00e9formation structurelle et les compensations cin\u00e9matiques du pied pendant la marche<\/li>\n<li>Si les personnes ne pr\u00e9sentant pas de sympt\u00f4mes atteignent la position sous-talienne neutre pendant la marche<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir analys\u00e9 les r\u00e9sultats, les auteurs ont constat\u00e9 qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y avait pas de lien entre les d\u00e9formations propos\u00e9es par Root et al. et les diff\u00e9rences dans la cin\u00e9matique du pied pendant la marche.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Pour plus d&rsquo;informations sur la th\u00e9orie de Root et d&rsquo;autres th\u00e9ories de la fonction du pied, veuillez consulter la page sur les <a title=\"Models of Foot Function\" href=\"\/Models_of_Foot_Function\">mod\u00e8les de la fonction du pied<\/a> (en anglais).<\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"The_Kirby_Proposal\" class=\"mw-headline\">La proposition de Kirby <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: The Kirby Proposal\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: The Kirby Proposal\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Le Dr Kirby \u00e9tait un \u00e9tudiant bien connu du Dr Root et, apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes, il a r\u00e9fut\u00e9 la th\u00e9orie du Dr Root sur 11 points.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>En r\u00e9sum\u00e9 : <sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kirby n&rsquo;est pas d&rsquo;accord avec la th\u00e9orie selon laquelle la position verticale du talon est la position la plus souhaitable pour le fonctionnement du pied et pour le contr\u00f4le du pied par l&rsquo;orth\u00e8se, ce qui est l&rsquo;un des points fondamentaux du mod\u00e8le de Root.<\/li>\n<li>Root avait des opinions bien arr\u00eat\u00e9es sur le type de mat\u00e9riaux avec lesquels les orth\u00e8ses devaient \u00eatre fabriqu\u00e9es et pr\u00e9conisait souvent des mat\u00e9riaux rigides et non accommodants. Kirby a donn\u00e9 des exemples o\u00f9 des mat\u00e9riaux plus accommodants peuvent \u00eatre avantageux.<\/li>\n<li>Root et Kirby ne sont pas d&rsquo;accord sur la longueur d&rsquo;une orth\u00e8se plantaire. Root estimait que l&rsquo;orth\u00e8se ne devait pas s&rsquo;\u00e9tendre au-del\u00e0 des cols des m\u00e9tatarsiens et que les affections distales \u00e0 ce point ne pouvaient \u00eatre trait\u00e9es par des orth\u00e8ses. Par la suite, Kirby a obtenu de bons r\u00e9sultats dans le traitement d&rsquo;un troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9tatarsien en flexion plantaire.<\/li>\n<li>Le Dr. Bill Orien<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup> et le Dr Root ont pr\u00e9conis\u00e9 une liste de \u00ab\u00a0lois de la fonction du pied\u00a0\u00bb, dont beaucoup sont contest\u00e9es par le Dr Kirby, comme par exemple : \u00ab\u00a0Si un calcan\u00e9um est \u00e9vers\u00e9 de plus de deux degr\u00e9s, il continuera \u00e0 se prononcer jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce que la position de pronation maximale de l&rsquo;articulation subtalaire soit atteinte\u00a0\u00bb.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Le Dr Kirby n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas non plus d&rsquo;accord avec les th\u00e9ories de John Weed <sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup> sur le moulage et la fa\u00e7on dont celui-ci peut affecter la neutralit\u00e9 subtalaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pour plus d&rsquo;informations, vous pouvez suivre le Dr Kirby sur sa page <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/kevinakirbydpm\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Facebook<\/a> ou sur son <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kirbypodiatry.com\/?fbclid=IwAR0piOHJZlrXkZVHvbLu94nw8XnguPgqtNClbZ1FxMsrM45bIxUF7_qbI1g\" rel=\"nofollow\">site web<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Vous pouvez \u00e9galement regarder cette vid\u00e9o si vous souhaitez en savoir plus :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rDcG224Zqi4?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"7._Leg_Length_Discrepancy_(LLD)\"><\/span><span id=\"7._Leg_Length_Discrepancy_.28LLD.29\" class=\"mw-headline\">7. <a title=\"Leg Length Discrepancy\" href=\"\/Leg_Length_Discrepancy\">La diff\u00e9rence de longueur de jambe<\/a><\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: 7. Leg Length Discrepancy (LLD)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20\">\u00e9diter<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: 7. Leg Length Discrepancy (LLD)\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Abaissement<\/li>\n<li>Bassin oblique<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9tractation<\/li>\n<li>Scoliose<\/li>\n<li>Longueur apparente des jambes<\/li>\n<li>Longueur r\u00e9elle de la jambe <sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<div class=\"floatnone\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"\/File:Leg_Length.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Leg_Length.jpg\/800px-Leg_Length.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Leg_Length.jpg\/1200px-Leg_Length.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/images\/7\/79\/Leg_Length.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Leg Length.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Additional_information:\" class=\"mw-headline\">Informations compl\u00e9mentaires : <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Additional information:\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Additional information:\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cette vid\u00e9o traite de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation biom\u00e9canique d&rsquo;une orth\u00e8se :<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 648px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 640px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q-eEDDqOC-4?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Foot_Orthotics_Assessment&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Elattar O, Smith T, Ferguson A, Farber D, Wapner K. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2473011418780700\" rel=\"nofollow\">Uses of braces and orthotics for conservative management of foot and ankle disorders.<\/a> Foot &amp; Ankle Orthopaedics. 2018 Aug 3;3(3):2473011418780700.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Welte L, Kelly LA, Kessler SE, Lieberman DE, D&rsquo;Andrea SE, Lichtwark GA, Rainbow MJ. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.2095\" rel=\"nofollow\">The extensibility of the plantar fascia influences the windlass mechanism during human running.<\/a> Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2021 Jan 27;288(1943):20202095.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_3-0\">3.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_3-1\">3.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_3-2\">3.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Orthopaedia.com. Anatomy of the foot and ankle. 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