{"id":8486,"date":"2024-01-22T06:29:02","date_gmt":"2024-01-22T06:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/chronic-musculoskeletal-adaptations-to-exercise-de\/"},"modified":"2024-01-23T05:36:29","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T05:36:29","slug":"chronic-musculoskeletal-adaptations-to-exercise-de","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/langs.physio-pedia.com\/de\/chronic-musculoskeletal-adaptations-to-exercise-de\/","title":{"rendered":"Chronische muskuloskelettale Trainingsanpassungen"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<div class=\"editorbox\">\n<p><b>Originale Autorin <\/b>&#8211; <a title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\">Wanda van Niekerk<\/a> basierend auf dem Kurs von <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/members.physio-pedia.com\/instructor\/dr-james-laskin\/\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">James Laskin<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Top-Beitragende<\/b> &#8211; <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Wanda van Niekerk\" href=\"\/User:Wanda_van_Niekerk\"><bdi>Wanda van Niekerk<\/bdi><\/a> und <a class=\"mw-userlink\" title=\"User:Jess Bell\" href=\"\/User:Jess_Bell\"><bdi>Jess Bell<\/bdi><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display: none;\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Inhalt<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Effects_of_Deconditioning\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Auswirkungen der Dekonditionierung<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Common_Training_Principles\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Allgemeine Trainingsprinzipien<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Muskuloskelettale Anpassungen an das Training<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Resistance_Training\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Widerstandstraining<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Gains_in_Muscular_Fitness\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Steigerung der muskul\u00e4ren Fitness<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Mechanisms_of_Muscle_Strength_Gains\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mechanismen der muskul\u00e4ren Kraftzunahme<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Neural_Control\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Neurale Kontrolle<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Neural_adaptations\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Neurale Anpassungen<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Strength_Training_Model\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Modell des Krafttrainings<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Motor_Unit_Recruitment\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Rekrutierung motorischer Einheiten<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#Autogenic_Inhibition\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Autogene Hemmung<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Muscle_Hypertrophy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.1<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Muskelhypertrophie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Fibre_Hypertrophy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.2<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Faserhypertrophie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Fibre_Hyperplasia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Faserhyperplasie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Neural_Activation_and_Hypertrophy\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Neurale Aktivierung und Hypertrophie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Immobilisation_and_Muscle_Strength\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Immobilisierung und Muskelkraft<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span> <span class=\"toctext\">Referenzen<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Effects_of_Deconditioning\" class=\"mw-headline\">Auswirkungen der Dekonditionierung <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Effects of Deconditioning\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Effects of Deconditioning\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Der Begriff &#8222;Dekonditionierung&#8220; (oder &#8222;Detraining&#8220;) bezieht sich auf Ver\u00e4nderungen im K\u00f6rper, die nach einer Zeit der Inaktivit\u00e4t auftreten. Diese Ver\u00e4nderungen treten in Herz, Lunge und Muskeln auf. Die Auswirkungen der Dekonditionierung auf die K\u00f6rpersysteme<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup> sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengefasst.<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>Tabelle 1. Auswirkung der Dekonditionierung auf die K\u00f6rpersysteme<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-1\">(1)<\/a><\/sup><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Neuromuskul\u00e4r<\/th>\n<th>Kardiorespiratorisch<\/th>\n<th>Muskuloskelettal<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2193 EMG-Aktivit\u00e4t; \u2193 mittlere Querschnittsfl\u00e4che der Muskelfasern; \u2193 Flexibilit\u00e4t;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Muskelkraft und Schnellkraft;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Muskelmasse;<\/td>\n<td>\u2193 maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme; \u2191 mittlerer Blutdruck; \u2191 submaximale Herzfrequenz;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 maximales Herzzeitvolumen;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Laktatschwelle;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Ausdauerleistung;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Blutvolumen;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Plasmavolumen;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Herzvolumen;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 orthostatische Toleranz;<\/td>\n<td>\u2193 bis zu 2,5% der Knochenmineraldichte; \u2193 Aktivit\u00e4t der oxidativen Enzyme; \u2193 Aktivit\u00e4t der Glykogensynthase;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 mitochondriale ATP-Produktion;<\/p>\n<p>\u2193 Qualit\u00e4t der Sehnen;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Lesen Sie mehr: <a title=\"Return to Play During a Pandemic\" href=\"\/Return_to_Play_During_a_Pandemic#Effects_of_Detraining_on_Physiological_Systems\">The effect of detraining on body systems<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-dT5CC3LaV0?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">(2)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Common_Training_Principles\" class=\"mw-headline\">Allgemeine Trainingsprinzipien <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Common Training Principles\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Common Training Principles\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Prinzip der Umkehrbarkeit:\n<ul>\n<li>die Vorteile des Trainings sind vor\u00fcbergehend und reversibel<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\">(3)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>nach einem 2-w\u00f6chigen Detraining ist eine messbare Verringerung der muskul\u00e4ren Arbeitskapazit\u00e4t festzustellen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00dcberlastungsprinzip:\n<ul>\n<li>ein System muss \u00fcber das gewohnte Ma\u00df hinaus beansprucht werden, um einen Trainingseffekt zu erzielen<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Prinzip der Spezifit\u00e4t:\n<ul>\n<li>jede \u00dcbung trainiert ein System f\u00fcr die jeweilige Aufgabe, die als Trainingsreiz ausgef\u00fchrt wird.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup> Daher wird sich nur das System oder der K\u00f6rperteil, der wiederholt belastet wird, an die chronische \u00dcberlastung anpassen<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">(5)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Prinzip der Individualisierung:\n<ul>\n<li>Menschen reagieren unterschiedlich auf ein und dasselbe Trainingsprogramm, da das individuelle Fitnessniveau, der Gesundheitszustand und\/oder die genetische Veranlagung die Auswirkungen des Trainings erheblich beeinflussen<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-4\">(4)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lesen Sie mehr: <a title=\"Principles of Exercise\" href=\"\/Principles_of_Exercise#Common_training_principles\">Common Training Principles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise\" class=\"mw-headline\">Muskuloskelettale Anpassungen an das Training <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Musculoskeletal Adaptations to Exercise\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Musculoskeletal Adaptations to Exercise\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Resistance_Training\" class=\"mw-headline\">Widerstandstraining <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Resistance Training\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Resistance Training\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Widerstandstraining f\u00fchrt \u00fcber neuromuskul\u00e4re Ver\u00e4nderungen zu erheblichen Kraftzunahmen<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Wichtig f\u00fcr die allgemeine Fitness und Gesundheit<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Entscheidend f\u00fcr sportliche Trainingsprogramme<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">(7)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span id=\"Gains_in_Muscular_Fitness\" class=\"mw-headline\">Steigerung der muskul\u00e4ren Fitness <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Gains in Muscular Fitness\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Gains in Muscular Fitness\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>3 bis 6 Monate Krafttraining f\u00fchren zu:\n<ul>\n<li>der besseren F\u00e4higkeit, effektiver Kraft zu erzeugen<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>der besseren F\u00e4higkeit zu echter maximaler Bewegung<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-8\">(8)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Kraftzunahmen ergeben sich aus:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\">(6)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Zunahme der Muskelgr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/li>\n<li>Ver\u00e4nderungen der neuralen Kontrolle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Mechanisms_of_Muscle_Strength_Gains\" class=\"mw-headline\">Mechanismen der muskul\u00e4ren Kraftzunahme <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Mechanisms of Muscle Strength Gains\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Mechanisms of Muscle Strength Gains\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span id=\"Neural_Control\" class=\"mw-headline\">Neurale Kontrolle <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Neural Control\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Neural Control\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Kraftzunahmen <i>k\u00f6nnen nicht<\/i> ohne die Beteiligung neuraler Anpassungen durch Plastizit\u00e4t erfolgen<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\">(9)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Kraftzunahmen <i>k\u00f6nnen<\/i> ohne Hypertrophie erfolgen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lesen Sie weiter: <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7892509\/pdf\/421_2020_Article_4567.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h6><strong><em><span id=\"Neural_adaptations\" class=\"mw-headline\">Neurale Anpassungen <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Neural adaptations\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Neural adaptations\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Ein erh\u00f6hter zentraler Antrieb (von h\u00f6heren Zentren des <a title=\"Brain Anatomy\" href=\"\/Brain_Anatomy\">Gehirns<\/a> ausgehend) nach dem Widerstandstraining ist teilweise f\u00fcr die Kraftzunahme verantwortlich<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\">(11)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Verst\u00e4rkte Synchronisation der motorischen Einheiten (MEs) (d. h. mehrere motorische Einheiten feuern zu \u00e4hnlichen Zeiten)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Verringerung der Kraftschwelle, bei der motorische Einheiten rekrutiert werden<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\">(13)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Erh\u00f6hte Feuerungsrate der motorischen Einheiten<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">(14)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Verringerung der Koaktivierung der antagonistischen Muskulatur nach dem Training<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">(15)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Strength_Training_Model\" class=\"mw-headline\">Modell des Krafttrainings <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Strength Training Model\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Strength Training Model\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Eine ausf\u00fchrliche Erl\u00e4uterung dieser Konzepte finden Sie im Kursvideo &#8222;Chronische Trainingsanpassungen \u2013 Muskuloskelettal&#8220;. Zusammengefasst:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertrophie\n<ul>\n<li>Widerstandstraining mit niedriger Intensit\u00e4t (40 % des Maximums) kann \u00fcber einen langen Zeitraum zu hypertrophen Ver\u00e4nderungen und neuromuskul\u00e4ren Ver\u00e4nderungen f\u00fchren (dies ist bei untrainierten Personen st\u00e4rker ausgepr\u00e4gt)<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">(16)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>ein Training mit hoher Intensit\u00e4t und niedrigen Wiederholungen kann in kurzer Zeit zu Hypertrophie f\u00fchren<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\">(17)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>neurologische Ver\u00e4nderungen beim Widerstandstraining treten vor allem in den fr\u00fchen Phasen eines Trainingsprogramms auf<\/li>\n<li>Kraft\n<ul>\n<li>starke, schnelle Kraftzunahmen treten relativ schnell und best\u00e4ndig auf<\/li>\n<li>im Laufe der Zeit erreichen die Verbesserungen der Kraft ein Plateau<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Das folgende Video bietet eine gute Erkl\u00e4rung der neuralen Anpassungen an das Widerstandstraining, Kraft und Hypertrophie.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb embedvideo autoResize\" style=\"width: 308px;\">\n<div class=\"embedvideo autoResize\">\n<div class=\"embedvideowrap\" style=\"width: 300px;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Play video\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pct0XWrWUfk?\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\">(18)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Motor_Unit_Recruitment\" class=\"mw-headline\">Rekrutierung motorischer Einheiten <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Motor Unit Recruitment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Motor Unit Recruitment\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<blockquote><p>Motorische Einheit = efferentes Neuron und alle Muskelfasern, die es innerviert.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Normalerweise werden die motorischen Einheiten asynchron rekrutiert.<\/li>\n<li>Synchrone Rekrutierung f\u00fchrt zu Kraftzunahmen:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-12\">(12)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>fazilitiert die Kontraktion<\/li>\n<li>kann eine st\u00e4rkere Kontraktion hervorrufen<\/li>\n<li>verbessert die Geschwindigkeit der Kraftentwicklung<\/li>\n<li>erh\u00f6hte F\u00e4higkeit, konstante Kr\u00e4fte auszu\u00fcben<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Widerstandstraining f\u00fchrt zu synchroner Rekrutierung<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">(19)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Kraftzunahmen k\u00f6nnen auch aus einer st\u00e4rkeren Rekrutierung der motorischen Einheiten resultieren<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-10\">(10)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>erh\u00f6hter neuraler Antrieb bei maximaler Kontraktion<\/li>\n<li>erh\u00f6hte Frequenz der neuronalen Entladung (Feuerrate)<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Feuerrate = die Rate, mit denen motorische Einheiten Aktionspotenziale entladen<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\">(21)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>verringerte hemmende Impulse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass eine Kombination aus verbesserter Synchronisation und erh\u00f6hter Rekrutierung der motorischen Einheiten zu Kraftzunahmen f\u00fchrt<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-20\">(20)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lesen Sie mehr: <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.physio-pedia.com\/index.php?title=Muscle&amp;veaction=edit#Motor_Units\" rel=\"nofollow\">Motor Units<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Autogenic_Inhibition\" class=\"mw-headline\">Autogene Hemmung <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Autogenic Inhibition\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Autogenic Inhibition\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Normale intrinsische Hemmungsmechanismen:\n<ul>\n<li>Golgi-Sehnenorgane hemmen die Muskelkontraktion bei zu hoher Sehnenspannung<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>dies verhindert Sch\u00e4den an Knochen und Sehnen<sup id=\"cite_ref-:6_22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-22\">(22)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Widerstandstraining kann die hemmenden Impulse allm\u00e4hlich verringern oder ihnen entgegenwirken:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>der Muskel kann mehr Kraft erzeugen<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>diese Hypothese kann helfen, extreme Kraftleistungen zu erkl\u00e4ren<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_23-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-23\">(23)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><em><span id=\"Muscle_Hypertrophy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Muskelhypertrophie <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Muscle Hypertrophy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Muscle Hypertrophy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertrophie = Zunahme der Muskelmasse und der Querschnittsfl\u00e4che<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">(24)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Vor\u00fcbergehende Hypertrophie (nach einer einzigen Trainingseinheit) &#8211; das &#8222;Aufpumpen&#8220; des Muskels, das w\u00e4hrend eines Widerstandstrainings stattfindet\n<ul>\n<li>dies ist auf die Bildung von \u00d6demen aus Plasmafl\u00fcssigkeit zur\u00fcckzuf\u00fchren<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">(25)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>diese Art der Hypertrophie verschwindet innerhalb von Stunden<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Chronische Hypertrophie (langfristig)<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">(26)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>spiegelt die tats\u00e4chliche strukturelle Ver\u00e4nderung des Muskels wider<\/li>\n<li>Faserhypertrophie, Faserhyperplasie oder beides<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><em><span id=\"Fibre_Hypertrophy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Faserhypertrophie <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Fibre Hypertrophy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Fibre Hypertrophy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Zunahme der Querschnittsfl\u00e4che (d.h. der Gr\u00f6\u00dfe) der Fasern; Zunhame der Myofibrillen innerhalb der Faser;<\/li>\n<li>Zunahme der Aktin- und Myosinfilamente;<\/li>\n<li>Zunahme des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums;<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">(27)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Zunahme des Bindegewebes;<\/li>\n<li>Widerstandstraining f\u00fchrt zu einer Steigerung der Proteinsynthese:<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">(28)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>der Gehalt an Muskelproteinen \u00e4ndert sich st\u00e4ndig<\/li>\n<li>W\u00e4hrend des Trainings kommt es zu einem R\u00fcckgang der Proteinsynthese und zu einem verst\u00e4rkten Proteinabbau.<\/li>\n<li>nach dem Training steigt die Proteinsynthese und sinkt der Proteinabbau<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">(29)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Lesen Sie mehr: <a title=\"Neuromuscular Adaptations to Exercise\" href=\"\/Neuromuscular_Adaptations_to_Exercise#Adaptations_to_High-Resistance_Strength_Training\">muscle protein synthesis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Testosteron f\u00f6rdert die Faserhypertrophie:<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">(30)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>nat\u00fcrliches anaboles Steroidhormon<\/li>\n<li>der Konsum synthetischer Anabolika f\u00fchrt zu einer starken Zunahme der Muskelmasse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><em><span id=\"Fibre_Hyperplasia\" class=\"mw-headline\">Faserhyperplasie <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Fibre Hyperplasia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Fibre Hyperplasia\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n<p>Unter Hyperplasie versteht man eine Zunahme der Anzahl von Zellen bzw. Fasern.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup> Beim menschlichen Muskel gilt Folgendes:<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-31\">(31)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>die meiste Muskelhypertrophie ist auf eine Faserhypertrophie zur\u00fcckzuf\u00fchren<\/li>\n<li>eine Faserhyperplasie k\u00f6nnte jedoch auch dazu beitragen<\/li>\n<li>das Verh\u00e4ltnis von Faserhypertrophie versus Faserhyperplasie kann von der Intensit\u00e4t \/ Belastung des Widerstandstrainings abh\u00e4ngen<\/li>\n<li>eine h\u00f6here Intensit\u00e4t f\u00fchrt zu einer Hypertrophie der Muskelfasern vom Typ II<\/li>\n<li>eine Faserhyperplasie k\u00f6nnte nur bei bestimmten Personen und unter bestimmten Bedingungen auftreten<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Es ist umstritten, ob bei erwachsenen Skelettmuskeln eine Faserhyperplasie auftritt. Es gibt Bedenken hinsichtlich der Methoden und Messungen, die in Studien zur Untersuchung von Hyperplasie verwendet werden. &#8222;Eine eindeutige Aussage dar\u00fcber, ob physiologisch relevante Formen der mechanischen Belastung eine Hyperplasie ausl\u00f6sen k\u00f6nnen, ist nach wie vor nicht m\u00f6glich.&#8220;<sup id=\"cite_ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\">(32)<\/a><\/sup> Hyperplasie wurde als wesentlicher Faktor f\u00fcr die Skelettmuskelhypertrophie bei S\u00e4ugetieren weitgehend abgetan.<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\">(33)<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><span id=\"Neural_Activation_and_Hypertrophy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Neurale Aktivierung und Hypertrophie <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Neural Activation and Hypertrophy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Neural Activation and Hypertrophy\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>Tabelle 2. Zusammenfassung der neuralen Aktivierung und Hypertrophie<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Kurzfristige Zunahme der Muskelkraft<\/th>\n<th>Langfristige Zunahme der Muskelkraft<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Erhebliche Steigerung des Einwiederholungsmaximums (1RM)<\/td>\n<td>Geht mit signifikanter Faserhypertrophie einher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Geschieht aufgrund einer erh\u00f6hten willk\u00fcrlichen neuralen Aktivierung<\/td>\n<td>Die Nettozunahme der Proteinsynthese braucht Zeit, bis sie eintritt.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Neurale Faktoren sind in den ersten 8 bis 10 Wochen entscheidend<\/td>\n<td>Hypertrophie ist der wichtigste Faktor nach 8 bis 10 Wochen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span id=\"Immobilisation_and_Muscle_Strength\" class=\"mw-headline\">Immobilisierung und Muskelkraft <\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span> <a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: Immobilisation and Muscle Strength\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16\">edit<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span> <a title=\"Edit section: Immobilisation and Muscle Strength\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">edit source<\/a> <span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Gr\u00f6\u00dfere Ver\u00e4nderungen treten nach 6 Stunden Immobilisierung (Ruhigstellung) auf:<sup id=\"cite_ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\">(34)<\/a><\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>fehlender Muskelgebrauch f\u00fchrt zu einer verringerten Proteinsyntheserate<\/li>\n<li>der Prozess der Muskelatrophie wird eingeleitet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>In der ersten Woche: Kraftverlust von 3-4 % pro Tag\n<ul>\n<li>Abnahme der Muskelgr\u00f6\u00dfe \/ Atrophie<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">(35)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Abnahme der neuromuskul\u00e4ren Aktivit\u00e4t<sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-35\">(35)<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>(Umkehrbare) Auswirkungen auf Fasern des Typs I und II\n<ul>\n<li>die Querschnittsfl\u00e4che nimmt ab, der Zellinhalt degeneriert<\/li>\n<li>Fasern vom Typ I sind st\u00e4rker betroffen als Fasern vom Typ II<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">Referenzen<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">(<\/span><a class=\"mw-editsection-visualeditor\" title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17\">edit<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-divider\"> | <\/span><a title=\"Edit section: References\" href=\"\/index.php?title=Chronic_Musculoskeletal_Adaptations_to_Exercise&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\">edit source<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-:0-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-0\">1.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_1-1\">1.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspetar.com\/AspetarFILEUPLOAD\/UploadCenter\/637532352577633336_Aspetar%20Clinical%20Guideline%20-%20Safe%20return%20to%20sport%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20Version%202.0.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Aspetar Clinical Guidelines: Safe return to sport during the Covid-19 pandemic version 2.0.<\/a> 2021<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Soccer Physiologist. DETRAINING &#8211; What Happens When We Stop Exercising? Available from: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-dT5CC3LaV0\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-dT5CC3LaV0<\/a> (last accessed 4\/12\/2022)<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Kasper K. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/acsm-csmr\/fulltext\/2019\/04000\/sports_training_principles.2.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sports training principles.<\/a> Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2019 Apr 1;18(4):95-6.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_4-0\">4.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_4-1\">4.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_4-2\">4.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Physiopedia. <a title=\"Principles of Exercise\" href=\"\/Principles_of_Exercise\">Principles of Exercise<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Powers SK and Howley ET. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance.10th edition. North Ride, NSW, Australia. McGraw Hill. 2014<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-0\">6.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-1\">6.1<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-2\">6.2<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, Turner A. The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care. Sports Medicine. 2020 Aug;50(8):1431-50.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322699464_The_Importance_of_Muscular_Strength_Training_Considerations\" rel=\"nofollow\">The importance of muscular strength: training considerations.<\/a> Sports medicine. 2018 Apr;48(4):765-85.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:3-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u2191 <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-0\">8.0<\/a><\/sup> <sup><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_8-1\">8.1<\/a><\/sup><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Dorrell HF, Smith MF, Gee TI. Comparison of velocity-based and traditional percentage-based loading methods on maximal strength and power adaptations. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2020 Jan 1;34(1):46-53.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\u2191<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Siddique U, Rahman S, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. Determining the sites of neural adaptations to resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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